AMS

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The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS)
and Fundamental Science on the International
Space Station Presented to Members of the Spanish
Royal Academy of Science
AMS
Manuel Aguilar-Benitez Samuel Ting
April 2009
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SPAIN IN AMS
CIEMAT Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas,
Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (Ministry of
Science and Innovation)
IAC Instituto de Astrofísica de
Canarias (Ministry of Science and Innovation)
Collaboration between CIEMAT and MITbegan in
1980at DESY and the at LEP and AMS under the
leadership of Manuel Aguilar-Benitez
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Example 4 Study the basic elements of Matter
L3 experiment at the 16 mile Large Electron
Positron Collider
L3
CERN
L3
L3
1981-2003 600 Physicists 20 Countries
Weight 10,000 tons Size 6 story building
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L3 Results over 300 publications In the
universe, there are only 1) 3 kinds of
electrons (e, m, t) 2) 6 kinds of Quarks 3)
Electrons and Quarks have no size Radius of e,
m, t Rl lt 10-17 cm Radius of Quarks RQ lt
10-17 cm
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The Highest Energy Particles are Produced in the
Cosmos
Largest Accelerator on Earth (LHC) will produce
particles of 7 TeV
Cosmic Rays with energies about 100 Million TeV
have been detected.
LHC
CERN Prevessin
CERN Meyrin
1,600 detectors in 3,000 km2 area in Mendoza,
Argentina
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Fundamental Science on the International Space
Station (ISS)
1- Charged cosmic rays An unexplored region in
science. Using a magnetic spectrometer (AMS) on
ISS is the only way to measure high energy
charged cosmic rays.
AMS at CERN
2- Light rays have been measured (e.g., Hubble)
for over 50 years. Fundamental discoveries
have been made (10 Nobel Prizes).
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The AMS Detector
Mass, Charge, Energy
Electrons
Particles are defined by their mass, charge and
energy.
Matter
Antimatter
Magnet Tracker Mass, ?Charge, Energy
TRD
Silicon Tracker
TOF
2500 L SF Helium
Superconducting Magnet
Tracker
Mass, Charge, Energy
TOF
Electrons, Gamma-rays
RICH
ECAL
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AMS International Collaboration 16 Countries, 60
Institutes and 600 Physicists
95 of the 2.0B to build AMS has come from our
international partners based on NASAs
commitment to deploy AMS on the ISS.
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AMS is constructed mostly (95) in Europe and Asia
SELMIC OY Ltd.
Kemi
Germany
Arctic Circle
1) Space qualification test 2) Veto counter 3)
Electronics 4) Tracker mechanics alignment 5)
Low energy particle shield (leps) 6) TRD
Finland
1) Ground support 2) Silicon tracker
Aarhus
J.Madsen
J.Torsti,T.Eronen,T.Laitinen, A.Mujunen,E.Riihonen
,E.Valtonen
ESA
M.Zell
Hamburg
Turku
Helsinki University
NIKHEF
B.Verlaat
R.Orava
SCHAEFTERKIRCHHOFF
France
NLR
M.Brouwer
Helsinki University of Technology
1) Aerogel 2) Software 3) RICH ECAL
Aachen I
S.Schael,K.Luebelsmeyer,W.Wallraff,R.Siedling
S.Urpo
Aachen 3
G.Fluegge
Frankfurt
ISATEC
Paris
CONTRAVES ELFAB AG PHOTOCHEMIE
KUTTIG ELECTRONICS,FVT
Oerlikon
Karlsruhe
W.de Boer
Zurich-ETH
Rennes
Illkirch
H.Hofer,F.Pauss,G.Viertel, Ass.Young Students
MPE
J.Trümper
Munich
AVIPESCHARD
Portugal, Spain
Dôle
Amilly
IABG
ITT
CSEM
COMPOSITE DESIGN
1) Data Analysis 2) Aerogel construction 3)
RICH 4) Magnet
Switzerland
Lausanne
G.Coignet,S.Rosier,J.P.Vialle
LAPP-Annecy
ROCHLING
Lyon
Thonon
TECHNIC SURFACE
1) Conceptual design 2) Electronics, Detector,
Assembly 3) Magnet
St Etienne
Grenoble
CATIDIUM,POLYDIAM
ISN
Geneva
M.Bourquin,C.Leluc,M.Pohl, Ass.Young Students
La Mare
Toulouse
M.Buenerd
MG2P
Montpellier-GAM
P.G.Rancoita,G.Boella
EREMS
Milano
A.Jacholkowska
GAVAZZI SPACE
Torino
Bologna
M.Aguilar-Benitez, C.Mana, J.Alcaraz,
J.Berdugo,J.Casaus, C.Delgado
G.Laurenti,F.Palmonari,A.Zichichi,A.Contin
CIEMAT Madrid
Coimbra, LIP
I.Lopes,Y.Cunha
ALENIA AEROSPAZIO
Pisa
Perugia
F.Cervelli
R.Battiston,A.Alpat,W.Burger, M.Menichelli
,M.Pauluzzi
Livorno
Roma
B.Borgia,S.Gentile
Siena
Lisbon, LIP
Italy
G.Barreira,F.Barao,M.Pimenta,J.Pinto da
Cunha,I.Lopes
TOPREL SITE
P.Marrocchesi
CAEN
CENTRA
J.Dias Deus,A.Mourao
1) Conceptual design g-ray 2) Tracker
construction coordination 3) Time-0f-Flight 4)
Electronics 5) Aerogel 6) Space qualification 7)
RICH 8) ECAL
y2K308_2_03.ppt
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Construction of the AMS-02 Superconducting magnet
Racetrack Coils (2x6)
Dipole Coils (2x)
0.86 T
2,500 l Superfluid HeDuration 3-5 years
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For 15 years, AMS has been major Swiss national
effort.
ROMABAU
SULZER
BIERI Eng.
EMPA
Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
Zurich
CONTRAVES
WEKA
H. Hofer, F. Pauss, G. Viertel, J. Ulbricht
COLYBRIS
Lausanne
Supported by the Swiss National Science
Foundation, FIT Zurich, UniGe
COMPOSITE DESIGN
Geneva
University of Geneva
M. Pohl, M. Bourquin, C. Leluc, D. Rapin
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2,500 l Superfluid He 1.8k
AMS Flight Superconducting Magnet
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Second Magnet for Testing
Flight Magnet at 1.8k
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Transition Radiation Detector TRD Identify
electrons
e? with v 0.9999c radiate ? when passing
foils/fibers
4 8 keV ?
Proportional Tube Counter
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The project is funded by the German space agency
(DLR)
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Transition Radiation Detector TRD
5248 tubes 2 meter length centered to 0.1mm
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Italy in AMS
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Silicon Tracker
200,000 channels alignment 3 m resolution 10
m
It has taken 50 engineers 3 years to complete the
detector.
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Silicon Tracker, 8 planes
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Ring Imaging CHerenkov (RICH)
Cherenkov radiation
10,880 photosensors
Test Results from CERN
T
Intensity ? Charge ? ? Velocity
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Calorimeter (ECAL)
A precision 3-dimensional measurement of the
directions and energies of light rays and
electrons
10 000 fibers, f 1 mm distributed uniformly
Inside 1,200 lb of lead
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• French participation to AMS

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The completed flight electronics (650
microprocessors, 300,000 channels)
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Taiwan in AMS
Academia Sinica the leading research institution
directly under the Presidential Office
National Central University
National ChiaoTung University
Chung-Shan Institute of Science and
Technology the research arm of the Defense
AIDC
National Space Organization the space agency of
Taiwan
National Cheng Kung University
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The AMS detector
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Test results from accelerator
Events
y04K513_05
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Science of AMS Fundamental Discoveries from
Charged Cosmic Rays
?
?
e
1947 Discovery of pions
1912 Discovery of Cosmic Rays
1932 Discovery of positron
Discoveries of 1936 Muon (µ) 1949 Kaon
(K) 1949 Lambda (?) 1952 Xi (?) 1953
Sigma (S)
As accelerators have become exceedingly costly,
the ISS is a valuable alternative to study
fundamental physics.
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AMS Physics examples
Precision study of the properties of Cosmic
Rays Composition at different energies (1 GeV,
100 GeV, 1 TeV)
1
5
10
Z
15
20
25
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AMS Physics example
Study of high energy (0.1 GeV 1 TeV) diffuse
gammas
g
e-
e
P-
P
The diffuse gamma-ray spectrum of the Galactic
plane
40o lt 1 lt 100o, b lt 5o
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Search for Cold Dark Matter
Physics example
The leading candidate is a SUSY neutralino (?0)
?0 ?0 ? structures in the spectra of e, p
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AMS is sensitive to very high SUSY masses
AMS spectrawith M? 840 GeV (not accessible to
LHC)
p/p
y06K318a
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Physics examples
Search for the existence of Antimatter in the
Universe
AMS in Space
Search for the origin of the Universe
Search for the existence of anti Universe
Accelerators
The Big Bang origin of the Universe requires
matter and antimatter to be equally abundant at
the very hot beginning
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2x109 nuclei
If no antimatter is found gt there is no
antimatter within 1000 Mpc.
The physics of antimatter in the universe is
based on The existence of a new source of
CP Violation The existence of Baryon, Lepton
Number Violation Grand Unified Theory
Electroweak Theory SUSY These are central
research topics for the current and next
generation of accelerators world wide
the Foundations of Modern Physics
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Discoveries in Physics
Original purpose, Expert Opinion
Discovery with Precision Instrument
Facility
2 types of neutrinos Break down of time reversal
symmetry New form of matter
30 GeV Proton Accelerator
(1960s)
Nuclear force
Brookhaven
400 GeV Proton Accelerator
Neutrino physics
(1970s)
5th and 6th types of quark
FNAL
Quark inside protons 4th family of quarks 3rd
kind of electrons
Electron Positron Collider
Properties of quantum electricity
(1970s)
SLAC Spear
Electron Positron Collider
6th kind of quark
(1980s)
Gluon
PETRA
Large Underground Cave
(2000)
Proton life time
Super Kamiokande
Neutrino has mass
Hubble Space Telescope
(1990s)
Galactic survey
Curvature of the universe, dark energy
?
AMS on ISS
Dark Matter, Antimatter,
Exploring a new territory with a precision
instrument is the key to discovery. The most
exciting objective of AMS is to probe the
unknown to search for phenomena which exist in
nature that we have not yet imagined nor had the
tools to discover.
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Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
LHC
ISS cost 10 LHC. LHC has 4 big
experiments. ISS only has AMS.
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The ISS is a multi-decade major international
effort requiring close to 70 shuttle flights to
construct at a cost of 100 billion.
ISS Today
AMS on the ISS offers a unique way to probe the
fundamental properties of the Universe.
Without AMS, ISS will have LOST the
singularjustification for its existence, i.e.,
to do frontier science.
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The following legislation was unanimously
approved the by the House and Senate Section
611 (H.R. 6063) (c) ADDITIONAL FLIGHT TO DELIVER
THE ALPHA MAGNETIC SPECTROMETER AND OTHER
SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT AND PAYLOADS TO THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. (1) IN GENERAL.In
addition to the flying of the baseline manifest
as described in subsection (b), the Administrator
shall take all necessary steps to fly one
additional Space Shuttle flight to deliver the
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer and other scientific
equipment and payloads to the International Space
Station prior to the retirement of the Space
Shuttle.
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6 February 2009
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The Cosmos is the Ultimate Laboratory. Cosmic
rays can be observed at energies higher than any
accelerator.
The issues of antimatter in the universe and the
origin of Dark Matter probe the foundations of
modern physics.
AMS is the only large scientific experiment to
study these issues directly in space. AMS is a
unique experiment on the 100 billion ISS.
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Our record is a reason why we receive strong
international support. AMS is a continuation of
our efforts in frontier research.
AMS
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Use Technologies of AMS 1- Superconducting Magnet
2- Fast Electronics 3- Two-Phase cooling system
to keep large volume at constant temperature
AMS
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NASA Exploration Establish a base on the Moon
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Future NASA Exploration Manned mission to Mars
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The technology of AMS is vital to the exploration
mission to the Moon and Mars.
1. Radiation protection Unsolved difficulty
Lethal radiation protection requires 1,000 tons
of material. With AMS Magnet technology we only
need 30 tons of Magnet

Radiation
Superconducting Magnet
Propulsion
Crew
B
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Mars reference design weight estimates
2009 Piloted Mission 1 Surface Hab with Crew
Lander
Exploration payload (Earth-Return Habitat
Element)
y05K012Kounine.ppt
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Magnetics - Cross Cutting Applicationsfor
Plasma Propulsion
Function Benefit Requirement Applications
Plasma Generation High temperature, Maintain density 1 to 5 Tesla 0.1 MJ/kg VASIMR, FRC, fusion
Plasma Storage High temperature, Maintain density 1 to 5 Tesla 1 MJ/kg VASIMR, FRC, fusion
Plasma Transfer High temperature, Maintain density 1 to 5 Tesla 0.1 MJ/kg VASIMR, FRC, fusion
Plasma Accelerator Mechanism Magnetic pressure, MHD Lorentz force 1 to 10 Tesla 1 to 20 MJ/kg AJAX, MHD Bypass, MAPX
Magnetic Nozzles Thrust, plasma detachment 1 to 5 Tesla VASIMR, FRC, fusion
Magnetic TVC Flow control 0.5 to 2 Tesla Virtual inlets, steering
Magnetic Augmentation for other EP Electron/plasma confinement 0.5 Tesla Hall, FRC, MPD, LFA, PIT
Power, motors, processors Lorentz force, power conversion 0.1 Tesla Light weight APU, actuators
Energy Storage Reusable, rechargeable, essentially solid state 10 MJ/kg SMES
Marshall Space Flight Center Propulsion Research
Center
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AMS on ISS
1 Fundamental Science 2- Advanced
Technologies - Superconducting magnet
- Fast electronics - Large volume constant
temperature space thermal system