NATIONAL COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX STUDY

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TRAINING WORKSYOP ON NATIONAL COMMUNICATION
( 27 October 2005 )
NATIONAL COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX STUDY
ZAINAL AKAMAR BIN HARUN COASTAL ENGINEERING
DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
MALAYSIA
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INTRODUCTION

• Regular rise and fall of sea is caused by tides
• Many areas experience rises due to air
• pressure and winds
• Recently some scientist have been predicted
• that global warming may also contribute to
• overall sea level rise
• Recent event shows that sea level rise can also
  
• caused by tsunami and typhoon

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INTRODUCTION
If this factors converge simultaneously
especially if storm surges combine with high
tides, there may be an extensive flooding and
damage in the coastal zone. The Coastal
Vulnerability Index (CVI) will indicate the
vulnerability of a locality to sea level rise
and global warming.
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INTRODUCTION
The coastal zone in Malaysia is the most
productive ecosystem in the country. It houses
a majority of the population and industrial
activities and represents a unique environment,
which requires special attention in its planning,
development and management. CVI is a good
tools for the management of the coastal zone for
the country in monitoring the phenomena of sea
level rises and global warming.
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Coastal Area
Agricultural Areas in the Coastal Area
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Aquaculture Areas in the Coastal Area
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Coastal Area
Urban Centers Along the Shoreline
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Oil Gas Industry
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Coastal Area
Mangrove Forest
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Tourism and Leisure
Fishing Village
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Coastal Area
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Hotels and Resorts
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Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID)
Malaysia

• DID is currenty involved in the management of the
  shoreline area
• with respect to coastal erosion protection,
• river mouth improvement, coastal
• development, sand mining activities, etc.
• implementing Integrated Shoreline Management
• Plan (ISMP) as a program intended to support
• and complement the Integrated Coastal Zone
• Management (ICZM)

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Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia

• Strategy of the DID in the management and
  protection of the shoreline area
• SHORT TERM SOLUTION
• HARD APPROACH
• COASTAL BUND TO PROTECT AGRICULTURAL AREA
• COASTAL STRUCTURE TO PROTECT BEACH AREA
• LONG TERM SOLUTION
• GUIDELINE ON COASTAL DEVELOPMENT
• COASTAL LAW
• INTEGRATED SHORELINE MANAGEMENT PLAN (ISMP)
• INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT (ICZM)
• NATIONAL COASTAL VELNARIBILITY INDEX (NCVI)

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Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia
HARD APPROACH
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BEACH NOURISHMENT
BREAKWATER
REVETMENT
REPLANTING OF MANGROVE
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Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia

• LONG TERM SOLUTION
• GUIDELINE ON COASTAL DEVELOPMENT
• COASTAL LAW
• INTEGRATED SHORELINE MANAGEMENT PLAN (ISMP)
• INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT (ICZM)
• NATIONAL COASTAL VELNARIBILITY INDEX (NCVI)

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GUIDELINE ON COASTAL DEVELOPMENT

Minimize Impacts of Development on The Coastal
Zone

• Population Expansion
• Conversion of coastal land into urban, housing,
  recreation
• and other areas
• Conflicts in use of available coastal resources
• Conflicts in the need for immediate consumption
• and to ensure the long term supply for future
  generations
• Various problems and issues due to impacts of
• coastal development

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COASTAL LAW

Suitable law or by-law will be drafted to ensure
that all proposed developments in the coastal
zone adhere to the requirements laid down in DID
Guideline No.1/97 as well as the ISMP developed.
This will help to ensure an effective
management of the shoreline and this will
alleviate the financial burden on the Government
to continue funding expensive coastal erosion
problem and ensure preservation of coastal
habitat.
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INTERGRATED SHORELINE MANAGEMENT PLAN

The ISMP program carried out by the DID is
tailored along the principles of ICZM to address
the major issues and problems facing our
shoreline. It is an integrated approach that
takes into account all the sectoral activities
that affect the coastal area and gives due
consideration to economic, social, environmental
and ecological issues. The goal is to develop a
management tool to harmonise all the activities
in the coastal area to support a broader set of
management objectives for the coastal area.
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INTERGRATED SHORELINE MANAGEMENT PLAN

By implementing recommendations made under the
ISMP, it will be possible to maximise the
benefits to be derived from the coastal area and
its resources while at the same time minimising
the harmful impacts on the coastal resources and
the environment. It will also help in reducing
the conflicts between different users in the
coastal area and the harmful effects of human
activities upon each other.
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INTERGRATED SHORELINE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Management Unit Showing Management Strategies
identified under the North Pahang ISMP Study
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INTERGRATED SHORELINE MANAGEMENT PLAN

The overall objective of ISMP is to produce a
sustainable development plan for the shoreline
that is sensitive to the particular conditions of
the coast and is consistent with the general
development policies of country.  
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DID is currently progressing with its ISMP to
cover the entire coastline of Malaysia in stages.
These studies do include some element of the CVI
study but do not produce form of classification
index. Therefore the index in the NCVI study
will be used in the preparation of the ISMP in
this country, and help as an assessment tool to
the ISMP.
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INTERGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

ICZM is a resource management system which
employs an integrative, holistic approach and an
interactive planning process in addressing the
complex management issues in the coastal
areas.  There are various activities and
industries in the coastal zone all competing for
the same shoreline and marine space.  These
interests can be owned or operated by government
agencies and private entities or the general
public.  Conflicts arise when the activities of
one sector interferes or limits that of another.
Hence, the management of the coastal resource
must be guided and coordinated. ICZM is aimed
at resolving these conflicts and optimise the
resources in the coastline.  
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INTERGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

The National ICZM Policy is currently being
formulated by the Economic Planning Unit of the
Prime Ministers Department.  This new policy is
aimed at providing a broad but clear vision and
guideline for development in the coastal zone. 
A national policy as a common referral point is
essential in order for all government agencies to
work in a coordinated manner giving due
consideration for the needs of stakeholders.  
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COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX
Vulnerability of coastal zones has been defined
as the degree of incapability to cope with the
consequences of climate change and accelerated
sea-level rise (Bijlsma et al.,1996). Thus,
vulnerability assessment includes the assessment
of both anticipated impacts and available
adoption options.
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COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX
The Coastal Vulnerability Index Study caused by
sea level rise and global warming for the
coastal zone for the whole country involved
agriculture area, urban area, tourist area,
industrial area, port, forest etc.
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COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX
In light of these existing hazards and increasing
risks in coastal regions, there is a great need
to gain as much insight as possible into the
exact nature and extent of possible risk increase
related to future climate trends.
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COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX
Thus, it is essential to carry out analyses of
the coastal system bio geophysical responses to
climate-change impacts as well as to assess the
threats posed to human society.
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COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX
Coastal Vulnerability Index Study is required to
identify coastal area exposed due to the effect
of sea level rise and global warming. The
result of the study will be used to prepare
Coastal Vulnerability Index with level exposed of
coastal zone to avoid developmet in this area.
At the same time it will be basis to implement
protection measure caused by sea level rise.
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COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX

• Sea level rise and Global warming
• Tsunami
• Typhoon

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SEA LEVEL RISE
aggravates the long-term bio-geophysical effects
on the coastal resources.
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SEA LEVEL RISE
Such effects include shoreline erosion, sediment
deficits, saltwater intrusion into coastal
aquifers, destruction of coral reefs, and loss of
coastal wetlands. Population increase in the
coastal areas and their urbanization often
mean corresponding increase in exposure to
coastal hazards such as wave attacks and flooding
due to storm-surges.
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SEA LEVEL RISE

• Three options are laid out as alternatives
• for treating the coasts to face SLR
• No protection The existing protection is
  ignored and the threatened coastal zone
  abandoned.
• Important areas protection Medium to high
  development areas are protected, and harbors are
  upgraded.
• Total protection Coastal areas with a
  population of more than 10 people per square
  kilometer require action.

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SEA LEVEL RISE
Sea/Ocean(off-shore) water
Coastal(near-shore) water
Brackish water

Fresh water
5 km from hwm
I C Z M
I R B M
24 nm from lwm
I S M P
3 nm from lwm
1 km
Sea Level Rise
Change in boundary of coastal, brackish and fresh
water zone Change in ecosystem of the three
water zone
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High Water Mark (hwm)
Coastal Vulnerability index study
RIVER BASIN
COASTAL ZONE
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SEA LEVEL RISE

• There is no official view as to whether rising
  sea level is a problem but Malaysia has recently
  considered a number of scenarios based on IPCC
  predictions.
• A number of adaptive measures were suggested,
  which included
• Defense (essentially hard engineering
  solutions),
• Accommodation, retreat, counter attacking (by
• reclaiming land from the sea), coastal land
  buy
• back (buying coastal land from the private
  sector
• and converting to buffer zones and reserves)
  and
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management.

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TSUNAMI
Tsunami hit Northen State on 26th. Dicember 2004
and killed 67 people.
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Typhoon
The current typhoon pattern is so worrying that
some experts believe that typhoons may hit
Malaysia in the future. According to Ti Le Hui,
a Chinese typhoon expert who also works with the
United Nations, year by year scientists have
noticed that the area where typhoons form is
getting closer to the South. In December 27
1997 Tropical storm Greg hits the coast of the
Malaysian state of Sabah and killed 170 people.
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COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX
HOW OTHER COUNTRIES DEVELOPED CVI
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A number of procedures and methodologies have
been applied by the United States to assess
coastal vulnerability.
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COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX
HOW OTHER COUNTRIES DEVELOPED CVI
The U.S. Geological Survey has completed a
national assessment of coastal vulnerability to
SLR in the United States whereby the index is
determined from a number of physical variables
namely geomorphology, regional coastal slope,
shoreline erosion and accretion rate, tidal range
and mean wave height.
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COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX
HOW OTHER COUNTRIES DEVELOPED CVI
A number of countries have also carried out
similar studies to prepare the index for their
coastal zones. Preparation of a comprehensive
CVI requires consideration of physical,
biological and socio-economic parameters.
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COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX
HOW OTHER COUNTRIES DEVELOPED CVI
Amongst the socio-economic parameters usually
considered are population, cultural heritage,
roads, railways, land use, and conservation
status. As for biological parameters, factors
considered is loss of wetlands, loss of habitats
such as coral reefs since deeper water will
reduce the amount of light reaching the corals
and reduce its productivity.
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NATIONAL COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX STUDY
Malaysia signed the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change on 9 June 1993
and ratified it on the 17 July 1994. Subsequently
, the Government established a National Climate
Change Committee to help meet its obligations
under the convention.
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NATIONAL COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX STUDY

• The Ministry of Natural Resources and
• Environment has allocated funds for the
• development of a Coastal Vulnerability
• Index (CVI) for the coastal zone of
• Malaysia
• DID has been designated as the
• implementing agency for the study.

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NATIONAL COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX STUDY
The study will involve identifying and profiling
the entire coastal areas in the country that are
susceptible to the anticipated impacts of the
probable SLR. This will involve the
establishment of an index, which will indicate
the vulnerability of a locality to SLR and
global warming.
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NATIONAL COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX STUDY
The Index will be formulated and be tested and
applied in several sites with widely varying
characteristics. Findings from the study will
identify highly vulnerable areas where
development should be avoided and serve as a
basis for recommending proactive adaptive
measures to mitigate the impacts of SLR.
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NATIONAL COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX STUDY

• The study will be carried out in two phases.
• Phase 1 Preliminary CVI Study
• Phase 2 National CVI Study
• The Phase 1- study is to establish methodologies,
  formulate and test a CVI for a selected or
  representative coastal region of Malaysia. Its
  main components shall cover

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NATIONAL COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX STUDY

• collection and collation of previous related
  studies on SLR
• and other vulnerability index studies in
  Malaysia, as well
• as methodologies of similar studies carried
  out in
• overseas countries.
• development of proposed methodologies including
  the
• identification of details of variables making
  up the
• proposed index and ranking.
• primary data collection for the selected
  regions
• desk-top and GIS analysis of the physical
  factors to
• produce CVI
• limited numerical modelling to establish
  erosion/accretion
• trends and coastal evolution

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NATIONAL COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX STUDY

• Determination of physical parameters for
  formulation of
• CVI.
• Determination of biological, socio-economic and
  human
• factors for formulation of CVI.
• Determination of pilots sites, states or
  regions for
• application of the formulated CVI
  methodology.

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NATIONAL COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX STUDY
The Phase 2-study is essentially designed to be
the extension of Phase 1 over the remainder of
Malaysias coast. The second phase would be a
duplication of the activities of Phase 1 but over
a wider spatial scope. Phase 2 will encompass
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NATIONAL COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX STUDY

• necessary enhancements or review of the
• methodology or work process towards
• establishment of the CVI
• primary and secondary data collection for all
  data
• relevant to the CVI as determined in Phase 1
• analysis of the Government parameter of the
  CVI
• analysis and indexing of coastal region

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NATIONAL COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX STUDY

• The Phase 1 Study will commence next year (2006)
  and expected to be completed within 1 year
• The Phase 2 Study is expected to be completed
• within 30 months and the study will commence
  after the completion of the Phase 1 Study

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Conclusion
NCVI will be a good monitoring tools to manage
Malaysian coast as part of the Integrated
Shoreline Management Plan. A necessary action
can be taken to face the phenomena of sea level
rises and global warming.
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Terima kaseh
For additional information please contact
zainalakamar_at_water.gov.my