Title: Gerard
1Gerard t Hooft
Utrecht University
The Nature of
MATTER
and
FORCES
Stockholm, August 27, 2004
2Sir James Clark Maxwell
- 1831-1879
- - Statistical Mechanics
- Thermodynamics
- Improved the mathematical
- formulation of Michael
- Faradays theories of
- electricity and magnetic
- lines of force ...
3The electro-magnetic force
4Albert Einstein
1879 1955 1905 - Photo-electric effect -
Special Relativity - Brownian motion
statistical mechanics 1915 General
relativity (gravitation)
5Special Relativity
6Quantum Mechanics
7the ATOM
8QUANTUM
the ATOM
9Quantum Mechanics
Special Relativity
Elementary Particle Physics
( High Energy Physics Quantum Field
Theory )
101969
photon
Leptons
anti-
leptons
This is only 4 of the matter in
the Universe ! (See Licia verdes talk)
Hadrons
mesons
baryons
anti-
baryons
anti- ?
11the forces
Known from experiment
Forces
the ELECTRO MAGNETIC force the STRONG
force the WEAK force
12The Yang-Mills Field
C.N. Yang and R.L. Mills, 1954
13Yang - Mills quanta
o
o
-
o
-
neutron
proton
o
14Multiplets
According to the Yang-Mills-theory
P
N
Nucleons
pions
Yang-Mills bosons
15Peter Higgs
16Breaking Rotational Symmetry
THIS becomes an essential degree of
freedom ...
And THIS is the Higgs degree of Freedom
turning the gauge force carriers massive !
17S.L. Glashow
St. Weinberg
A. Salam
18Weinberg Model
Weinbergs lepton model
Anti Leptons
Gauge bosons
Leptons
Higgs
19The hadronic particles
Proton
Lambda
Antiproton
Pi-plus
Pi-zero
20The Yang-Mills Color Field
Quantum Chromo Dynamics
21Quark species
quarks
Antiquarks
up
down
strange
s
s
s
22The Standard Model
Higgs
Graviton
23Total cross sections
CESR
DORIS
PEP
PETRA
TRISTAN
24Gravitation
The fourth force
25The highway across the desert
GUTs
26Further unification
SU(4) x SU(2) x SU(2)
SO(10)
3 generations
27The SuperString Theory
28A Black Hole
29(No Transcript)