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Gerard

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Quantum. Mechanics. Special. Relativity. Elementary Particle Physics ... Higgs degree of. Freedom ... turning the gauge. force carriers massive ! St. Weinberg ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Gerard


1
Gerard t Hooft
Utrecht University
The Nature of
MATTER
and
FORCES
Stockholm, August 27, 2004
2
Sir James Clark Maxwell
  • 1831-1879
  • - Statistical Mechanics
  • Thermodynamics
  • Improved the mathematical
  • formulation of Michael
  • Faradays theories of
  • electricity and magnetic
  • lines of force ...

3
The electro-magnetic force
4
Albert Einstein
1879 1955 1905 - Photo-electric effect -
Special Relativity - Brownian motion
statistical mechanics 1915 General
relativity (gravitation)
5
Special Relativity
6
Quantum Mechanics
7
the ATOM
8
QUANTUM
the ATOM
9
Quantum Mechanics
Special Relativity


Elementary Particle Physics
( High Energy Physics Quantum Field
Theory )
10
1969
photon
Leptons
anti-
leptons
This is only 4 of the matter in
the Universe ! (See Licia verdes talk)
Hadrons
mesons

baryons
anti-
baryons
anti- ?
11
the forces
Known from experiment
Forces
the ELECTRO MAGNETIC force the STRONG
force the WEAK force
12
The Yang-Mills Field
C.N. Yang and R.L. Mills, 1954
13
Yang - Mills quanta
o
o
-

o

-
neutron
proton

o
14
Multiplets
According to the Yang-Mills-theory
P
N
Nucleons
pions
Yang-Mills bosons
15
Peter Higgs
16
Breaking Rotational Symmetry
THIS becomes an essential degree of
freedom ...
And THIS is the Higgs degree of Freedom
turning the gauge force carriers massive !
17
S.L. Glashow
St. Weinberg
A. Salam
18
Weinberg Model
Weinbergs lepton model
Anti Leptons
Gauge bosons
Leptons
Higgs
19
The hadronic particles
Proton
Lambda
Antiproton
Pi-plus
Pi-zero
20
The Yang-Mills Color Field
Quantum Chromo Dynamics
21
Quark species
quarks
Antiquarks
up
down
strange
s
s
s
22
The Standard Model
Higgs
Graviton
23
Total cross sections
CESR
DORIS
PEP
PETRA
TRISTAN
24
Gravitation
The fourth force
25
The highway across the desert
GUTs
26
Further unification
SU(4) x SU(2) x SU(2)
SO(10)
3 generations
27
The SuperString Theory
28
A Black Hole
29
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