World History Chapter 14

1
World History Chapter 14

• The High Middle Ages
• 1000 - 1500

2
The Crusades

• 14.1

3
The Council of Clermont

• Pope Urban II called church leaders to council in
  Clermont, France
• Described dangers faced by Byzantines
• Called on Christian warriors to put aside
  differences, fight against Turks
• Hundreds of knights, nobles volunteered for
  Crusade

4
Goals

• Pope
• to show the pope's power
• reunite Byzantine and Roman Christians
• Knights
• Gold
• God
• glory
• merchants - to win control of key trade routes

5
The Crusades
6
First Crusade (1096 1099)

• Who French Counts and Bishops and peasants
• Purpose to rescue Jerusalem and the Holy Land
  from the Muslim Turks
• On the way, they attacked and slaughtered German
  Jews despite protests
• Won Jerusalem and narrow strip of land,
• slaughtered Muslims and Jewish residents of
  Jerusalem

7
Third Crusade (1187-1192)

• Who Kings Philip Augustus, Frederick I, and
  Richard I (only Richard reached the Holy Land)
• New Muslim leader (Saladin) overthrew Fatimids,
  took title of sultan, and set out to take back
  Crusader states,
• Saladin succeeded, drove European Christians out
  of Jerusalem
• 3-year truce giving pilgrims access to holy
  places
• Jerusalem remained under Muslim control

8
Fourth Crusade (1202 1204)

• Jerusalem still controlled by Muslims
• Crusaders attacked the Christian city of Zara
  (Hungary) in payment for transportation to the
  Holy Land
• Pope excommunicated all involved in attack
• Then they sacked Constantinople
• Crusade failed

• Crusade widened the split between Orthodox and
  Roman churches

9
The Crusades lost popularity

• they became common-place
• people expected their kings to rule wisely at
  home
• loyalty to the idea of Christendom lessened
• later Crusades ended in failure
• Spain drives out the Muslims and is united as a
  Christian country

10
Causes Effects of the Crusades
review
11
Causes of the Crusades

• Muslims controlled the Holy Land
• The Byzantine Emperor feared that the Muslim
  Turks would destroy Constantinople
• Pope Urban II called for Christians to join a
  crusade at the Council of Clermont

12
Effects of the Crusades

• Pope weaker/ European kings stronger
• increase trade with the Middle East
• Knowledge of Muslim culture spread throughout
  Europe
• attitudes change (still problem today)
• Crusade widened the split between Orthodox and
  Roman churches
• Europeans became more intolerant and saw Jews and
  Muslims as enemies
• Jews and Muslims saw the Crusaders as enemies

13
Trade and Towns

• 14.2

14
Growth of Trade

• Trade began to grow in Europe after the Crusades.
  
• Most of this trade was controlled by merchants
  from Italy and Northern Europe.

15
Italian Trade

• traveled to Byzantine Empire Muslim lands
• silk and spices from China India
• Genoa, Florence, Pisa, Milan, all major trading
  cities
• Italians controlled almost all southern European
  trade

16
Northern Europe

• The Hanseatic League actively traded in northern
  Europe
• Northern German towns, worked together to
  promote, protect trade
• Controlled most trade between Europe, Russia,
  Baltic region

17
Trade Fairs and Markets

• Trade fairs held in towns, drew huge crowds,
  buyers and sellers met there
• Great variety of goods offered, rare fabrics,
  aromatic spices, animals

18
Money

• Trade encouraged use of money, had not been
  common in Europe for years
• Previously workers paid with goods
• Cities began minting coins, workers began
  demanding coins for payment

19
Credit

• Some merchants allowed customers to buy goods on
  credit
• In return for goods, customer signed document
  stating when, how payment would be made

20
Banks

• Use of money, credit led to creation of Europes
  first banks
• People could deposit money for safekeeping,
  request loans
• Most money-lenders were Jews, barred from many
  other occupations

21
New Farm Technologies

• Horsepower
• New harness
• Heavy plow
• three field system
• water mill, windmill (grind wheat into flour)

? surplus. ?food ? population
22
Towns grew in the Middle Ages

• Technology reduced need for farm workers
• people moved to towns
• towns grew under merchant leadership

23
Free Towns

• Merchants moved into medieval towns to conduct
  trade
• Did not want to pay high taxes to local lords in
  those towns
• King allowed charters for new towns run by
  merchants, taxes paid only to king
• Paris, London, and Rome grew quickly and began to
  be referred to as cities

24
Guilds

• trade organizations
• members had same occupation
• Primary functions
• restrict competition
• set standards
• prices for products
• Guilds also trained children in their crafts
• Apprentices worked learning the basic skills of
  the craft from one master
• Journeymen traveled to different workshops,
  learning from many masters

25
Trade and Manufacturing in Medieval Europe
26
Art and Culture of the Middle Ages

• 14.3

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Romanesque Architecture
http//www.historylink101.com/lessons/art_history_
lessons/ma/romanesque_architecture.htm
28
Gothic Architecture
http//www.historylink101.com/lessons/art_history_
lessons/ma/gothic_architecture.htm
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Gothic Architecture

• Taller, brighter, lighter than Romanesque
  architecture
• pointed arches, ribbed vaults, tall spires,
  flying buttresses, larger, stained glass and rose
  windows
• Advances in Engineering made Gothic design
  possible
• New type of support, flying buttress supported
  walls from outside
• Flying buttresses allowed higher ceilings,
  eliminated columns

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Literature

• Long poems, stories of heroes, villains, written
  in language people spoke every day
• Epic Poems - tales related to war, heroes
• The Song of Roland, Charlemagnes fight against
  Muslims in Spain
• Romances - tales of true love, chivalry
• Many stories of King Arthur and knights of Round
  Table
• Epics, romances often performed by troubadours

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Major Works

• Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer
• Stories of a group of pilgrims traveling to
  Canterbury each tells story to entertain others
• The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri
• story of his imaginary trip through the afterlife
• Composed in three parts
• On journey, met people from own life, as well as
  figures from history
• Increased the use of the vernacular

32
Alchemy

• Alchemists convinced they could find way to turn
  base metals into gold, but could not
• Began to conduct scientific experiments in
  alchemy, early form of chemistry
• Experiments constricted by reliance on authority
  of Greek writers
• Also by teaching of the Catholic Church

33
Universities

• Growth of European universities influenced by
  Islamic scholarship
• Blending of European, Islamic cultures led to
  translation of Aristotle, other Greek scholars,
  from Arabic into Latin
• European scholars exposed to new ideas
• Universities taught mainly religious courses
  first, but later broadened scope to include
  medicine, law

34
Thomas Aquinas

• One of most influential medieval scholars
• He tried to use Aristotles methods of logic to
  prove existence of God
• Aquinas use of intellect and logic to bring
  together opposing ideas became known as
  Scholasticism
• Teachings helped expand former ways of thinking,
  understanding

35
Challenges of the Late Middle Ages

• 14.4

36
Religious Crises

• Heresy - beliefs that opposed official teachings
  of church
• spread throughout medieval society
• Heresy threatened social order in church
• Philip II sets the rule of kings above Popes

37
The Papacy in Dispute

• Political fighting in Rome, 1309 forced the Pope
  to flee to Avignon in southern France
• Next several popes also lived at Avignon
• leads to the Great Schism and 100 years of
  dispute

38
The Great Schism

• 70 years later, Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome
• Upon his death, disagreement over new pope two
  claimed power, one in Rome, one in Avignon
• Council of Pisa tried to settle dispute, created
  third claim to office
• Conflict unresolved, three popes reigned in
  Europe for 40 years

39
Hundred Years War

• French king died without son, 1328
• King Edward III of England, nearest living
  relative
• Also had first cousin,
• English wanted Edward to rule both countries
• French did not want English king, favored the
  cousin
• Cousin crowned as King Philip VI of France,
  decision did not please English
• Edward invaded France, 1337, began Hundred Years
  War

40
Map of France in the Hundred Years War

• By 1429, England controlled Brittany, Normandy,
  Champagne, and part of Aquitaine in France
• In 1453, England controlled Calais
• Some important battles Poitiers, Crecy,
  Orleans, and Agincourt

41
The Hundred Years' War

• France vs. England - struggle for land
• gives rise to nationalism
• empowers the French king and the English
  parliament
• marks the end of the Middle Ages and feudalism

42
Wars of the Roses

• Shortly after peace with France, two families
  began war over English throne
• Lancasters, used red rose as emblem
• Yorks, used white rose as emblem
• Yorkists successful Edward IV took throne, 1461
• Edwards sons disappeared after his death
  brother, Richard III, crowned king
• Richard faced number of uprisings killed in
  battle
• Tudor Henry VII claimed throne (not a York or
  Lancaster)

43
The Bubonic Plague (Black Death)

• Plague begins in Asia and sweeps across Europe
  killing nearly 1/3 of the population
• Brought by traders, passed by rats and flees
• Spread quickly, struck coastal regions first,
  moved inland
• Almost all of Europe touched by Black Death by
  1351

44
Results of the Plague

• Lack of workers breaks down the manorial system
• Many people become disillusioned with the Church,
  pessimistic about the future, or preoccupied with
  pleasure
• Most common, Gods punishment
• Some turned to witchcraft for cures
• Some blamed Jews, accused of poisoning water
  wells
• Led to increase in anticlericalism, anti-Semitic
  feelings in Europe

45
Video The Plague