Animal Health

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Animal Health

• Patty Scharko, DVM, MPH, DACVPM
• Introduction to Animal and Food Sciences Agent
  In-Service

2
Animal Health

• Veterinarians role/ agents role
• Biosecurity
• Zoonoses
• Vaccination
• Diseases by species
• Quality Assurance

3
Veterinarians Role in Animal Health

• Provide accurate information diagnosis related
  to the health or disease problems in a herd or
  flock
• DVMs are required to have CEUs to maintain
  their Kentucky veterinary license
• DVMs are accredited by USDA for foreign animal
  diseases diagnosis and testing

4
Veterinarians Role in Animal Treatment

• Get proper diagnosis
• Treat promptly, properly
• Follow treatment directions, precautions
• Don't substitute drugs for management

5
Veterinarians Role in Animal Treatment

• Establish a valid
• veterinarian/client/patient relationship
• VCPR
• The veterinarian has assumed the responsibility
  for making medical judgments regarding the health
  of the animal(s) and the need for medical
  treatment, and the client (owner or other
  caretaker) has agreed to follow the
  veterinarians instructions.

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Records

• Medication/ drug records
• Antibiotics, chemical use (insecticides), feed
  additives
• Treatment date, product used, dosage, etc (BQA
  manual)
• Appropriate meat/milk withdrawal time observed
• Animal health records
• Vaccinations/ processing
• Treatments and/or diseases
• Scours/ pneumonia
• Retained placenta
• Deaths

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Agents helping farmers to work with their
veterinarian

• When contacted, ask if producer has contacted the
  local veterinarian about the problem
• Provide information NOT diagnosis
• Urge producer to work with their DVM
• Food animal DVMs are becoming less available and
  it is important to support those in the area!
• Remind about VCPR (valid veterinary client
  patient relationship)
• Urge producer to send dead animal to diagnostic
  lab for accurate diagnosis

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Necropsy

• Examination of a body after death (autopsy in
  humans)
• Dead animal carcass needs to be submitted asap to
  reduce deterioration, especially in the summer
• Down animals- humane euthanasia with bullet as
  long as brain does NOT need to be examined
  injectable euthansia if need brain

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Humane Euthanasia
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Diagnostic Labs

• UK Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center
• Lexington, 1429 Newtown Pike,
  859-253-0571
• Murray State University
  Breathitt Veterinary Center
• Hopkinsville, 715 North Drive, 270-886-3959

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Diagnostic Labs

• Samples need to be submitted with veterinarian as
  a contact
• At UK LDDC, agents can submit corn stalks
  (nitrates). Phone Toxicology about other feed
  sampling. 10 charge.
• Results may not find cause, especially for
  abortions (lt 50 able to make diagnosis on
  abortion)

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Normal or Abnormal?
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Foot Mouth Disease
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
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Critical Biosecurity Control Points
Contact with Affected Animals
Contact with manure, milk, blood or tissue from
affected animals
On-Farm Sources
Off-Farm Sources
Susceptible Animals
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Everyday Biosecurity

• Use common sense
• Do not bring germs to your animals
• All incoming animals should be kept separate from
  the herd for an appropriate time (minimum of two
  weeks, best is four weeks)
• Limit contact with other farms/animals
• Outside individuals should wear clean protective
  clothing
• Maintain fences between neighbors
• Caution in sharing tools/equipment with other
  farms

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Dont track it back
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ZOON NOSES Animal Diseases

• Diseases transmitted from animal to humans
• Impact illness, monetary loss, labor hours lost
• Mode of transmission
• Direct Feces, urine
• Saliva, placenta birthing fluids
• Milk
• Indirect Insects- mosquito, tick, etc.
• Aerosol/ contact with animals bedding

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Zoonotic Diseases Leading toHuman Disease

• Bacterial Diseases- Systemic Infections
• Anthrax
• Brucellosis- from abortion case
• Caseous lymphadenitis/ cheesy gland/ contagious
  abscesses
• Chlamydia psittaci- from abortion case
• Leptospira- from infected urine
• Listeria (circling disease)- from infected milk
• Salmonella- from diarrhea case
• Tuberculosis

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Zoonotic Diseases Leading toHuman Disease

• Bacterial- Enteric (gastrointestinal)
• Campylobacter (Vibrio)
• E. coli
• Salmonella
• Rickettsial Diseases
• Q Fever (Coxiella burnetti)
• Fungal infections
• Ringworm
• Club Lamb Disease/ dermatomycoses

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Zoonotic Diseases Leading toHuman Disease

• Viral infections
• Soremouth/ orf/ Contagious ecthyma
• Rabies
• Through infected wildlife (bats, skunks,
  raccoons) and dog/cat bites
• Not usually through sheep and domestic livestock.
  Beware of saliva!
• West Nile Virus
• Not direct, through mosquitoes from birds to
  humans horses
• Avian Influenza- Highly Pathogenic AI

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Zoonotic Diseases Leading toHuman Disease

• Protozoan disease (unicellular organism)
• Toxoplasmosis- pregnant woman exposed
• Cryptosporidia (smaller than coccidia)

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Soremouth/ orf/ contagious ecthyma
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Zoonotic Advice

• Wear gloves when handling these cases!
• Examples
• Soremouth
• Ringworm

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Calf scours/ diarrhea
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Zoonotic Advice

• Wash hands after handling diarrhea cases
• Examples
• Cryptosporidia
• Salmonella

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Q fever (Coxiella burnetti)
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Zoonotic Advice

• Wear gloves when handling newborns or during
  birthing, especially with ABORTIONS
• Examples
• Q fever
• Chlamydia psittaci
• Leptospirosis
• Brucellosis

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Rabies Hemophilus somnus Lead poisoning
Beware!!
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Zoonotic Advice

• Wear gloves when handling potential cases
• Submit these cases to a diagnostic lab for
  accurate diagnosis- need intact brain (DO NOT
  SHOOT!)
• Rabies reminder
• Beware of saliva!
• Through infected wildlife (bats, skunks,
  raccoons) and dog/cat bites
• Not usually through sheep and domestic livestock.
  

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Immunity

• Ability to resist infections from exposure to
  disease agents
• Acquired Immunity- provided by antibodies
• Active antibodies developed from disease
  exposure or by vaccination
• Passive antibodies passed from the dam to the
  young through colostrum or egg
• Inherited Immunity- natural resistance
  characteristic of the species, breed, or
  individual

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What are vaccines?

• Vaccines are health products that trigger
  protective immune responses in animals and
  prepare them to fight future infections from
  disease-causing agents.
• Vaccines can lessen the severity of future
  diseases.
• Certain vaccines can prevent infection
  altogether.
• A variety of vaccines are available for use.

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Vaccination

• To aid in the prevention of disease
• Herd or flock immunity
• Product choice
• No one vaccine is 100 effective

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Vaccination

• Part of comprehensive animal health program
• 1 Nutrition
• Energy/protein
• Not stressed
• Good body condition
• Trace minerals
• Especially copper, selenium zinc

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Immunity
Growth/Fertility
Trace Mineral Intake
Clinical Signs
Subclinical
Clinical
Time
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Vaccination

• Part of comprehensive animal health program
• 1 Nutrition
• 2 Management practices
• Colostrum
• adequate intake to prevent failure of passive
  transfer
• Reduce stress at vaccination
• Early castration
• Vaccinate before weaning
• Weather considerations, especially summer heat

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WEAN
Disease
Resistance
Immunity
Disease Challenge
TIME
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Additive Distressors
Weaning
Castration
Dehorn
Immunity
Resistance
Diet changes
Transport
Disease Challenge
TIME
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Additive Distressors
Weaning
Transport
Castration
Dehorn
Diet changes
Immunity
Resistance
Disease Challenge
TIME
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QuietWean
http//www.quietwean.com/ (Saskatoon, Canada)
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WEAN
Immunization
Disease
Resistance
Immunity
Disease Challenge
TIME
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CPH45
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Location
Exposure
Timing
Type of Vaccine
Contraindications
Considerations
IN/SQ/IM
Management
Economics
Animal Use
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Considerations
Management
Exposure
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Management At Time of Vaccination
Healthy
Follow directions
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Environmental Exposure

• Clean, dry comfortable
• Less exposure to disease

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Clean Dry is Critical for Dry Cows Maternity
Pens
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Not Protected
Protected
Vaccinated
Not vaccinated
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Animal Response to Vaccination
Normal response
No response
Hyper response
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Exposure . . . Challenge!
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Management Technology

• All-in, all-out from
• Farrowing through finishing
• Poultry
• Dispose of dead animals promptly properly
• Rendering
• Burial
• Landfill
• Compost

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Considerations
Type of Vaccine
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Types of Vaccines

• Killed or inactivated
• Modified-live or attenuated
• Autogenous

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Killed Vaccines

• Advantages
• Generally safer
• Dead virus
• Pregnant animal
• Handling
• More stable
• Can use over time if handled correctly

• Disadvantages
• Protection not as good
• Duration
• Breadth
• Immune response different than live virus
• More expensive
• Increased adverse reactions

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Animal Response to VaccinationKilled
K
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Modified-Live Vaccines

• Advantages
• Generally better protection
• Duration
• Breadth
• Immune response more closely mimics natural
  exposure
• Less expensive

• Disadvantages
• Handling
• Susceptible to inactivation
• Must use once mixed
• Safety
• Live replicating organism
• Potential of fetal infection

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Animal Response to VaccinationModified Live Virus
v
V
v
MLV
v
v
v
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Store Properly-Keep MLV vaccine COOL!

• Once reconstituted, MLV cattle vaccines are
  effective for about
• 45 minutes if in the sun and heat
• 2-3 hours when cool and dark

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Autogenous Vaccines

• Advantages
• Protection against a bacteria or virus that has
  been isolated from a clinical case
• Commercial vaccine not available or not effective
• Examples pinkeye caused by Branhamella ovis,
  Salmonella, warts, Mycoplasma

• Disadvantages
• More expensive
• Must culture identify the bacteria in
  diagnostic lab before vaccine can be produced
• Manufacturer needs to make minimum order (around
  500 doses)
• Must re-culture every few years by law

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Considerations
Timing
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Vaccination Immunity
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Vaccination at Proper Age
A
Immunize
Antibody Titer
Prime
Maternal Antibody
Antibody Titer
Month of age
Viral Vaccine
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Vaccination at Proper Age
Immunize
Antibody Titer
Prime
Maternal Antibody
Antibody Titer
Month of age
Bacterial Vaccine
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Booster Vaccination

• Needed to maintain protection in immunized animal
  
• May need to be given every 4 months, 6 months,
  yearly, or 3 years
• Follow label directions or veterinarians
  recommendation

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Location
Considerations
IN/SQ/IM
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Vaccination Technique
I.M. SQ
SQ Subcutaneous (under skin)
preferred IM Intramuscular IN Intranasal
SQ
Courtesy of Ohio State University
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Courtesy of Ohio State University
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Market Cows and BullsBreeding Animals

• Career Changed Dairy Cows
• Subprimals
• Fast food restaurants,such as Arbys
• Beef option on the airlines
• Heat and Eat Meats

Source NCBA, 1999
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Considerations
Economics
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• Seventh Edition of
• Compendium of Veterinary Products
• 147 BVDV vaccine combinations available

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Considerations
Disease Problems
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Important Dairy DISEASES

• Anaplasmosis- beware of used needles!
• Bovine Leukosis Virus- beware of used needles!
• Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD)
• Johnes Disease
• Hairy heel warts
• Leptospirosis
• Mastitis/ elevated SCC (somatic cell count)
• Rumen acidosis/ feet problems

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Dairy Diseases and Vaccines

• Available
• IBR, PI-3, BRSV
• BVD
• Brucellosis
• Calf scours- viral bacterial
• Clostridial diseases (blackleg)
• Hairy heel warts
• Johnes Disease1
• Leptospirosis
• Lepto hardjo-bovis
• Mastitis, contagious
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Mastitis, environmental
• E. coli
• Pasteurella (Manheimia)
• Pinkeye
• Rabies
• Salmonellosis
• Vibrio (Chlamydia)

• Not Available
• Anaplasmosis
• Bovine Leukemia virus (BLV)
• Coccidia
• Cryptosporidia
• Mastitis, contagious
• Strep. ag
• Listeriosis
• Rumen acidosis
• Winter dysentery

1 Need permission of state veterinarian
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Beef Diseases

• Pinkeye ID-135
• Poisonous Plants ID-2
• Beef Book ID-108
• Fly and lice control ENT-508 to ENT-512

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Beef Diseases

• Anaplasmosis
• Blackleg
• Calf scours/ diarrhea
• Foot rot
• Johnes Disease
• Leptospirosis
• Listeria
• Parasites- external internal
• Pinkeye
• Pneumonia
• Salmonella

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Animal Disorders on Pasture

• Bloat
• Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema (fog fever)
• Nitrate Toxicity
• Grass Tetany
• Cyanide/Prussic Acid Toxicity
• Poisonous Plants

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Bloat
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BloatWhat is it?

• gas accumulates in the rumen
• animal unable to eructate/ belch up gases
• can result in sudden death

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Bloat Prevention

• Bloat Guard
• Pre-mix
• Molasses-mineral block
• Ionophores
• Rumensin- effective approved in stocker, feeder,
  beef cows, dairy beef replacement heifers
  calves goats
• Bovatec- not very effective
• Must be consumed on the same day that bloating
  may occur

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Toxic Plants

• Japanese Yew (Taxus)
• Oak/Acorns
• Buckeye
• Osage orange (hedgeapple)

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Equine Diseases

• Abortions Leptospira
• Rhinopneumonitis
• Equine Viral Arteritis
• Diarrhea Rotavirus
• Salmonella
• Encephalomyelitis EEE, WEE, VEE (sleeping
  sickness)
• Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis, Western EE,
  Venezuelan EE
• Equine Infectious Anemia- Coggins test VET-10

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Equine Diseases

• Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
• Grain overload
• Laminitis/ founder
• Parasites
• Internal- bots, small and large strongyles,
  tapeworms
• External- flies, mosquitoes
• Potomac Horse Fever

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Equine Diseases

• Respiratory Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)
• Influenza
• Rhinopneumonitis
• Rhodococcus
• Strangles
• Tetanus- from puncture wounds

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Equine Emergencies

• Colic (abdominal pain) ASC 128
• Eye injuries
• Dystocia
• difficult delivery gt20 min after water breaks
• Retained placenta
• gt 4 hours

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Equine Vaccines

• Tetanus toxoid
• Encephalomyelitis (EEE, WEE, VEE)
• Influenza
• Rhinopneumonitis (EHV-1 EHV-4)
• Strangles
• Rabies
• West Nile Virus
• Potomac Horse Fever
• Botulism
• Equine Viral Arteritis
• Rotavirus A

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Poultry Diseases

• Avian Infuenza virus
• Blackhead protozoan
• Coccidiosis protozoan
• Fowl Cholera bacteria
• Fowl Pox- wet or dry virus
• Infectious Bronchitis virus
• Infectious Coryza bacteria
• Laryngotracheitis virus
• Mareks disease virus
• Newcastle virus
• Mites, lice parasite

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Poultry Vaccines

• Avian Infuenza
• Fowl Cholera
• Fowl Pox- wet or dry
• Infectious Bronchitis
• Laryngotracheitis
• Mareks disease
• Newcastle

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Swine (Porcine) Diseases

• Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
• Atrophic rhinitis (Pasteurella/ Bordetella)
• Clostridium perfringens
• E. coli
• Erysipelas
• Haemophilus parasuis
• Leptospirosis
• Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
• Porcine Parvovirus

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Swine (Porcine) Diseases

• Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome
  (PRRS)
• Pseudorabies Virus
• Rotavirus
• Salmonella
• Streptococcus suis
• Swine dysentery
• Swine Influenza Virus
• Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)

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Swine Vaccines

• Atrophic rhinitis
• Actinobacillus
• Clostridium
• E. coli
• Erysipelas
• Leptospirosis
• Mycoplasma
• Parvovirus
• Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome
  (PRRS)
• Pseudorabies Virus
• TGE

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LDDC Necropsy Cattle Diagnoses

• Diagnosis 2003 2002 2001 2000
• Pneumonia 296 345 387 252
• Scours 200 145 163 130
• Blackleg 55 56 41 45
• BVD 22 16 30 14
• Johnes Disease 3 9 3 9
• No Diagnosis 81

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Decision to Treat Pneumonia

• Change in calf appearance or behavior
• Depression
• Appetite
• Respiratory Index
• Temperature

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Decision to Treat Pneumonia

• Normal temperature 101.5- 102.5oF
• Most treat when over 104.5oF
• Dependent on time of year fescue endophyte
  exposure
• Want a minimum of 3 days of antibiotic
  treatment more if suspect Mycoplasma

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Pneumonia Treatment CostsEstimates for 500 lb.
Calf
1 Meat withdrawal time 2 Extralabel drug use
By Prescription
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Caution

• Gentocin- minimum meat withdrawal time is 18
  months
• Other drugs are approved for treating pneumonia.
  Gentocin is not approved.

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Johnes Disease
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Johnes disease - cause

• Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
  (MAP)
• This organism is very hardy in the environment
  and is relatively resistant to many
  disinfectants
• Infected at lt 6 months oral route primarily
• Clinical signs 2-4 years of age

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Johnes disease - prevention

• If you dont have Johnes disease,
• DONT BUY IT !!!
• Ask questions and purchase from herds in a
  testing program if possible
• KDA has voluntary Johnes program to help pay for
  testing samples must sign Management Agreement
  Plan

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LDDC NecropsyGoat Diagnoses

• Diagnosis 2003 2002 2001 2000
• Parasites 63 60 23 16
• Coccidiosis 42 39 24 9
• Haemonchosis 51 23 12 16
• Pneumonia 55 81 35 32
• Enteritis/scours 44
• Listeriosis 12 14 3 -
• Johnes Disease 2 - 1 1

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LDDC Goat NecropsyParasitism Case DX
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LDDC Goat Necropsy Haemonchus Case DX
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Coccidia Due to Stress Over crowding
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LDDC Goat Necropsy Coccidiosis Case DX
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Internal Parasites
Where are the worms?
90 on the pasture
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Parasite Transmission Patterns inSouthern Cow
/Calf Herds
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When to deworm?Fecal Examination

• To monitor current deworming programs thru fecal
  egg counts and parasite identification
• Do before deworming
• Can recheck after deworming to evaluate
  effectiveness
• Primarily do in goats

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Life Cycle of Haemonchus contortus
http//www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/sheep/410-027/figure1.h
tml
Image courtesy of Biozetica
122
Classes of Dewormers
Imidazole/ Pyrimidine
Benzimidazole
Macrolide
Drug Class
Safeguard/ Panacur Synathic/
Benzelmin Valbazen
Levasole/ Tramisol Rumatel StrongidT
Ivomec Dectomax Eprinex Cydectin
Trade Names
Do not use in first trimester pregnancy
Minimize use to preserve efficacy
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Drug Resistance

• Ability of worms in a population to survive drug
  treatments that are generally effective against
  the same species and stage of infection at the
  same dose rate
• Result of drug selection

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Selective Treatment

• FAMACHA

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BQA Goal

• To ensure the consumer that all cattle shipped
  from a beef production unit are healthy,
  wholesome and safe and their management has met
  FDA, USDA and EPA standards.

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Good Design Principles
Source Temple Grandin (2000)
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Use Only Approved Drugs

• FDA approved drugs
• OTC (over-the-counter)- do not need Rx
• Prescription (Rx)
• adequate instructions for use cannot be printed
  on the label or the drug has significant
  potential for toxicity in humans or animals
• CAUTION Federal law restricts this drug to use
  by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

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Use Only Approved Drugs

• Extra-Label Drug Use (ELDU)
• OTC drugs must be used exactly as labeled
• off-label or extra-label use
• Can be applied to both OTC Rx drugs
• Allows higher dosages or in different species
• Conditions
• There is no drug labeled for the health problem
• Limited to treatment that prevents animal
  suffering or death or health is threatened
• Extended meat withdrawal times are used
• Requires a DVM signature
• Not on the label

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Examples of Label Types Extra Label Drug Use
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Use Only Approved Drugs

• Extra-Label Drug Use (ELDU)
• Extra Label use of feed additives is illegal
• Not for production purposes only health
• weight gain
• feed efficiency
• Drugs approved for these uses cannot be altered
  by a veterinarian

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