Producer Certification Training

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Producer Certification Training
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Pork Quality Assurance PlusTM
I
PQA PlusTM is composed of two main elements

• Food Safety
• Animal Well-being

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Pork Safety
I

• Pork Safety is the part of Food Safety pertaining
  to risks attributed to on-farm production.
• Hazards
• Chemical
• Biological
• Physical

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Animal Well-being
I

• The producer has a responsibility to
• Provide appropriate conditions so that the pigs
  in his or her care are able to adapt with their
  environment to maintain good health and physical
  condition
• Maintain and promote the pork industry tradition
  of responsible animal care through the
  application of scientifically sound animal care
  practices

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HACCP
I

• Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
  (HAACP)
• Focuses on applying science-based controls to
  food production.
• Preventive and systematic approach to promoting
  food safety.
• Focuses on identifying, preventing, eliminating
  or reducing hazards to safe levels in food
• PQA Plus is a HACCP-like program

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Good Production Practices (GPPs)
I
The PQA Plus program is built upon

• 10 Good Production Practices

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GPP 1
GPP 1
Establish and implement an efficient and
effective herd health management plan.
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Herd Health Management Plan
1

• A herd health program should include
• Regular herd evaluations by a veterinarian
• Biosecurity
• Rodent pest control
• Cleaning disinfecting procedures

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Regular veterinary health evaluations
1

• Fulfill VCPR requirements
  (Veterinary-Client-Patient Relationship)
• Help determine current herd health status
• Provide fresh set of eyes
• Provide opportunity to plan and strategize

10
Biosecurity
1

• Managing to prevent the transmission of diseases
  and disease agents
• External
• Keeping disease out of the herd
• Internal
• Preventing disease movement within the herd

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Biosecurity
1

• Develop SOPs for biosecurity that may include
• Limiting visitors and other traffic
• Isolating incoming animals
• Using all-in, all-out flow
• Using shower-in, shower-out
• Keeping facility clean
• Knowing your herd disease profile

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Rodent and pest control
1

• Rodents and other pests are biosecurity hazards
• Pests also include Birds, insects, cats dogs

• Prevent entry into facilities
• Remove food sources
• Remove living hiding spaces
• Bait trap

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Cleaning disinfecting procedures
1

• Remove organic matter
• Manure, bedding, etc
• Thoroughly clean building and equipment
• Disinfect
• Allow to dry before repopulating

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GPP 2
Use an appropriate veterinarian/client/patient
relationship (VCPR) as the basis for medication
decision-making.
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Veterinary/Client/Patient Relationship
2

• A VCPR as defined by the U.S. Code of Federal
  Regulations (21 CFR Part 530) includes
• A veterinarian assumes the role of making medical
  judgments for animals and owner/animal caretaker
  agrees to follow the veterinarians instructions
• The veterinarian has sufficient knowledge of the
  herd/animals
• The veterinarian is available for follow-up care
• Such a relationship can exist only when the
  veterinarian has recently seen and is
  personally acquainted with the keeping and care
  of the animals by virtue of examination
  of the animals and/or by medically appropriate
  and timely visits to the premises where
  the animals are kept.

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AMDUCA
2

• Federal Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification
  Act (AMDUCA) of 1994
• Permits extra-label drug use by veterinarian with
  a VCPR
• Risks are increased, extended withdrawal times
  may be necessary
• Treatment records must be kept by producer for
  1 year after the animal is harvested
• Does not include medicated feeds,
  including VFD feeds

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Animal Drug Categories
2

• Over-the-Counter (OTC)
• Prescription (Rx)
• Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD)

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Over-the-Counter (OTC)
2

• Widely available
• Farm stores, mail-order, veterinary clinics
• No purchase restrictions
• Must be used according to label

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Prescription (Rx)
2

• Available only through veterinarians, pharmacists
  or distributor with prescription on file
• Requires veterinary order
• Must be used according to label and/or any
  additional veterinarians directions

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Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) Drug
2

• Antimicrobial used in or on feed
• Use requires a VFD
• VFD allows producer to purchase medicated feed
  with a VFD drug
• Records must be maintained for 2 years

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Extra-label Drug Use
2

• Examples of extra-label use include
• Increasing the dosage
• Changing the frequency of administration
• Changing the route of administration
• Changing the duration of treatment
• Treating a disease or condition not on the label
• Changing species or life stage on the label

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Compounding
2

• AMDUCA also allows a veterinarian with a VCPR to
  compound drugs for the client.
• Combining two or more FDA-approved drugs
• Veterinarian assumes responsibility for safety
  and efficacy of compound

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Residue Testing
2

• If the residue status of an animal or group is in
  doubt conduct a residue test.
• This may be due to
• ID tags or markings missing
• Accidental animal access to medicated feed
• Lost or damaged records

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GPP 3
Use antibiotics responsibly.
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Use antibiotics responsibly
3
Producers, veterinarians, and other food-chain
participants share the concerns regarding the use
of antibiotics. Pork producers and their
veterinarians should consider the issue of
antimicrobial resistance and its impact on their
situations.
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Three Purposes of Antibiotics
3
Pork producers use antibiotics for three purposes

• Treatment of illness
• Prevention of disease
• Improvement of nutritional efficiency

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Principles Guidelines for the Responsible Use
of Antibiotics
3

• Take appropriate steps to decrease the need for
  the application
• Assess the advantages/disadvantages of all uses
  of antibiotics
• Use antibiotics only when they provide measurable
  benefits
• Use veterinary input as the basis for all
  medication decision-making
• Use antibiotics for treatment only when there is
  an appropriate clinical diagnosis

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Principles Guidelines for the Responsible Use
of Antibiotics
3

• Limit antibiotic treatment to ill or at-risk
  animals
• Antibiotics that are important in treating
  antibiotic resistant infections in human or
  veterinary medicine should be used in animals
  only after careful review and reasonable
  justification.
• Minimize environmental exposure

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Prevention Strategies
3
Using preventative strategies can decrease the
routine need for antibiotics.

• Biosecurity programs
• Appropriate animal husbandry
• Hygiene
• Routine health monitoring
• Vaccination programs

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GPP 4
Identify and track all treated animals.
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Identification of Treated Animals
4
Treated pigs, or groups of treated pigs, must be
identifiable from the time of treatment until the
withdrawal time has elapsed.
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Individual Identification
4
Individual animals may be identified with

• ID cards - Work best with adult animals housed
  singly
• Paint marks - Short term, rub off easy
• Tattoos - Permanent, harder to apply and read
• Ear tags - Easy to see, cumbersome to apply, can
  fall off
• Ear notches Permanent, requires
  familiarization with
  site-specific system

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Group Identification
4

• Treated animals housed in a group may be
  identified by
• Pen or room number
• Group (building or site)
• Groups must remain intact until withdrawal time
  has elapsed. Any animals removed must be
  identified individually.

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GPP 5
Maintain medication and treatment records.
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Medication and Treatment Records
5
Records on treated animals should be maintained
for these purposes

• Food safety Ensure that withdrawal time has
  elapsed
• Regulatory Documentation of proper drug usage
• Management Analyzing and planning production

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Withdrawal Times
5

• Withdrawal time is the length of time it takes
  for a medication level in the body to fall below
  the safe level for humans (as established by the
  FDA).

• Always read and understand the label, package
  insert, or feed tag

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Maximum Residue Level (MRL)
5

• Other countries may require withdrawal times for
  products different than the
  United States.
• For more information on Japanese MRLs visit
• http//www.pork.org/Producers/JapanMRL.aspx

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FDA Compliance Policy Guide (CPG 7125.37)
5

• Minimum FDA required recordkeeping includes

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GPP 6
Properly store, label, and account for all drug
products and medicated feeds.
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Medication Storage
6

• All medication should be treated as perishable
• Temperature Some require refrigeration, others
  fine at room temperature
• Sunlight Some require dark storage
• Expiration Check expiration date before using

Always read and follow storage instructions on
the label, tag, or insert.
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Medication Storage
6

• Store injectables in clean, sealed containers
• Use clean needle to withdraw medication
• Feed pre-mixes should be stored in clean, dry
  pest-free areas

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Medication Identity
6

• Preserve the identity of medications
• Store medication in original container if
  possible
• Do not store medication in a syringe

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Medication Labels
6
Labels contain the following important
information

• Trade name
• Active ingredient
• Indications
• Dosage and directions for use
• Precautions
• Cautions
• Warnings withdrawal times
• Manufacturers lot number
• Expiration date

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Medication Inventory
6

• Keep drug inventory and usage records to help
• Monitor treatment trends
• Reconcile treatment records with inventory
• Prevent waste or theft

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GPP 7
Educate all animal caretakers on proper
administration techniques, needle-use procedures,
observance of withdrawal times and methods to
avoid marketing adulterated products for human
food.
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Educating caretakers
7
Everyone treating pigs must know and use proper
techniques

• Read, understand, and follow the label
• Identify treated animals
• Keep and use records for all treated animals

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Administering Medications
7

• Typical routes of medication delivery include
• Oral
• Topical
• Injectable

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Administering Medications
7

• 1. Oral
• Given through the mouth
• Good for large groups of animals
• Water or feed delivery
• Reduced stress to animals receiving medication
  and caretakers giving it

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Administering Medications
7
2. Topical

• Applied to the skin
• Sprays
• Dusts
• Pour-ons
• Dips

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Administering Medications
7
3. Injectable

• Useful when treating individual animals
• Practical way of medicating pigs that are too
  sick to eat or drink and for some medications
  that are poorly absorbed from the gut

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Administration of Injectable Drugs
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Five Methods of Giving Injectable Medications

• In the muscle (Intramuscular - IM)
• Under the skin (Subcutaneous SQ)
• In the nasal passages (Intranasal IN)
• In the abdominal cavity (Intraperitoneal IP)
• In the vein (Intravenous IV)

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Administration of Injectable Drugs
7
In the Muscle (Intramuscular - IM)

• Use spot on neck behind and below ear
• Do not use a needle to inject in the ham or loin
• If using an alternative technique, work with
  veterinarian or packer to determine acceptability
• Use proper size and needle length

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Administration of Injectable Drugs
7
Under the skin (Subcutaneously - SQ)

• Inject only into clean, dry areas
• Use the proper length needle and angle

• Slide the needle under the skin away from the
  site of skin puncture before depositing the
  product

• Small pigs use the loose flaps of skin in the
  flank or behind the elbow
• Larger pigs inject in neck behind the ear

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Administration of Injectable Drugs
7
Other Injection Methods

• In the nasal passages (Intranasal - IN)
• In the abdominal cavity (Intraperitoneal - IP)
• In the vein (Intravenous - IV)

Technique should only be used upon veterinary
guidance as serious injury, including death of
the pig, can occur.
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Standard Operating Procedure for Needle Usage
7
A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for needle
usage should include

• Prevention
• Animal identification
• Packer notification procedures

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SOP Points to Consider
7
Prevention

• Evaluate the strength and detectability
  characteristics of the needles you are using
• 2. Provide needle-use
• guidelines to all animal
• caretakers
• NEVER straighten a bent needle!

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SOP Points to Consider
7
Identification of hogs

• Establish a plan for identifying hogs known or
  suspected of harboring a broken needle
• Provide permanent ID
• Record all pertinent information
• Ensure employee training

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SOP Points to Consider
7
Communications with your packer

• Find out from your packer their payment and
  notification policies for at-risk pigs.

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Disposal of Sharps
7

• Needles, knife blades and syringes (sharps) must
  be disposed of properly according to your state
  or local regulations
• Use rigid, puncture-resistant container
• Container should be clearly labeled as a
  biohazard waste container
• When full, the cap should be securely tightened
  and sealed

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GPP 8
Follow appropriate on-farm feed and commercial
feed processor procedures.
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Feed Manufacturing
8
Goals for manufacturing quality feed include

• Meets nutritional specifications
• Meets desired medication level (if medicated)
• Free of contaminants (or below tolerance levels)

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Medicated Feed and cGMPs
8

• Guidelines for processing medicated feed are
  known as current Good Manufacturing Practices
  (cGMPs) and set standards for
• Manufacturing facilities
• Ingredients
• Manufacturing processes
• Monitoring
• Labeling
• Recordkeeping

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cGMPs
8

• Buildings and grounds Clean, adequate space,
  pest controls in place
• Equipment Capable of task, in good repair,
  accurate meters and scales
• Workspace and storage Designed to prevent
  contamination, physically separated from other
  areas

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cGMPs
8

• Product Quality Assurance
• Consider analyzing feeds periodically
• Establish equipment cleanout procedures
• Labeling
• Receive, handle, and store medications and their
  labels in a way that prevents confusion
• Recordkeeping
• Written inspection and production records kept
  for 1 year, samples of feed and ingredients kept
  for 6 months

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Mixing Medicated Feeds
8

• Proper drug concentrations are important to
• Achieve desired benefits of the drug
• Prevent adverse health effects or violative
  residues

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GPP 9
Develop, implement and document an animal
caretaker training program.
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Caretaker and Employee Training
9
All animal caretakers involved in the herds
production must be trained and the training must
be documented.
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Caretaker and Employee Training
9

• Training Sources
• Manuals
• CDs/DVDs
• Videos
• On-the-job training by supervisors

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GPP 10
Provide proper swine care to improve swine
well-being.
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Care and Well-being Principles
10
Proper swine care and well-being requires
commitment on the caretakers part.
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Recordkeeping
10

• Veterinary-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR)
• Medication and treatment records
• Caretaker training program including
• Euthanasia
• Animal handling
• Husbandry

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Emergency Backup Support
10

• Written action plan
• Covers various emergencies fire, weather, power
  outage, etc...
• Telephone numbers for owner, veterinarian, fire
  and police
• Emergency detection system
• Alarms for power failure, drastic temperature
  changes
• Facility location may allow for
  visual detection

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PQA PlusTM Site Assessment
10

• Provides a tool to benchmark and track the
  operation
• Allows for a fresh set of eyes to view the
  operation
• Sites should be assessed at least once every 3
  years

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Daily Observation
10

• Routine observation
• Helps ensure prompt reaction to any needs
• Keep records of observations
• Seriously ill, non-ambulatory, or dead animals
• Should not go undetected
• Treatment pen

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Animal Evaluation
10

• Production Performance
• Average Daily Gain
• Farrowing Rate
• Mortality
• Physical Evaluation
• Lameness
• Skin lesions (abscesses, wounds)
• Rectal prolapses
• Swine Behavior
• Indicator of care and suitability of facilities

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Body Condition Score (BCS)
10

• Indicator of management and animal well-being

Taken from Assessing Sow Body Condition by R.
D. Coffey, G. R. Parker, and K. M. Laurent
(ASC-158 1999).
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Body Space
10

• For pig space to be considered adequate the pig
  must be able to
• Easily lie down fully on its side (full lateral
  recumbency) without having to lie on another pig
  and easily stand back up
• Eat and drink freely
• Lie down without the head having to rest on a
  raised feeder
• Additionally, a sow housed in a stall must be
  able to lie down fully on its side (full lateral
  recumbency) without the head having to rest on a
  raised feeder and the rear quarters coming in
  contact with the back of the stall at the same
  time.

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Euthanasia
10

• Written euthanasia plan which considers
• Human safety
• Pig well-being
• Practicality and technical skills
• Cost
• Aesthetics
• Limitations
• Timely euthanasia
• No improvement or prospect for improvement after
  2 days
• Minimizes animal pain or distress
• Functional equipment available

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Facilities
10

• Pen maintenance
• Pens and flooring in good repair so as not to
  cause injury, feeders and waterers in good state
  of repair to allow for unobstructed feed and
  water delivery
• Feeder space
• Ample space for daily ration consumption and
  prevention of fighting and competition
• Water availability
• Sufficient flow rate

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Handling and Movement
10

• Proper handling
• Handlers should be calm and quiet
• Eliminate distractions such as people, other
  pigs, equipment
• Move in groups of 6 or fewer when possible
• Equipment
• Sorting boards, rattles, shakers
• Prods stress animals and are highly discouraged

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Ventilation
10

• Temperature
• Pig behavior is a good indicator of thermal
  comfort
• Heating/cooling provisions should be in place
• Air Quality
• Ammonia (NH3) lt 25 ppm

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Willful Acts of Abuse
10

• Abuse is unacceptable, including but not limited
  to
• Applying prods to sensitive areas like eyes,
  ears, nose, rectum
• Malicious hitting/beating
• Purposeful failure to provide food, water or any
  minimal care
• Be familiar with local or state laws that address
  animal cruelty

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Thank you!