Air Pollution in Urban Settings

1
Air Pollution in Urban Settings

• Science Issues H.J.S. Fernando
• Deployment Issues H.J.S. Fernando
• Enabling Technologies Jim Cogan

2
Science Issues
3
What is Clean Air?

• That found far from human habitation and not
  affected by catastrophic and violent natural
  phenomena.
• Point sources
• Line sources
• Regional sources
• Continental Sources

4
Sources and Receptors
5
Cities in Complex Terrain
Mexico City, Mexico
Image source NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Scientific Visualization Studio
6
Flows in Urban Airsheds
Thermal circulation
7
Experimental Modeling of the Cold Pool Destruction
8
Cold Pool Breakup
Low B
Click in the window to play (will take a few
seconds to load).
9
Formation and Breakdown of an Inversion Layer in
El Paso
10
Models-3/CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality)
Meteorology
Emission
One-Atmosphere (from Regional to Urban scale)

• Chemical reactions
• Advection Diffusion
• Aerosol dynamics chemistries
• Cloud effects
• Plume-in-Grid
• Dry/Wet depositions

11
The Fifth-generation Penn State / NCAR Mesoscale
Model (MM5)

• Terrain following ? - coordinate
• Non-hydrostatic dynamics
• Four-dimensional data assimilation
• Multiple nest capability
• Physics

12
Phoenix Terrain
Diffusion Coefficients
13
CROSS SECTION SW-NE 45 deg.
14
CMAQ Simulation
PM_2.5 Emissions
Franklin Mt.
Urban Area
Sierra Juarez
15
8hr Averaged Ozone June 6th
Yavapai Gila Maricopa Pinal
16
CBD
I-45
17
From WRF-scale to Personal-scale
18
48-hour Urban Simulation
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
Deployment Issues
22
Field Experiment
23
(No Transcript)
24
Tower
25
Sonic Anemometers
Applied Technologies Sx
Metek USA 1
RM Young 81000
Orange wire straps are mounted on Applied and
Metek as a bird protection it is recommended to
mount them on any type of sensor.
Campbell Scientific CSTAT3
26
Krypton Hygrometer
27
Net Radiometer
Five days cycle of incoming and outgoing short
(0.3 to 3 mm) and long (5 to 50 mm) wave
radiation components and total net radiation
measured during JU2003
Kipp Zonen CNR1, Net Radiometer. Note that
pyranometers (left side of the instrument) are
covered with transparent glass hemispheres to
allow undisturbed pass of solar radiation.
28
Balloons
29
Instrumented Vehicle Fleet
Three trailers (background) are fully
instrumented with TEOM and DUSTRACK instruments
for aerosol measurements and retractable
meteorological towers for flow measurements. The
mobile laboratory (foreground) carries numerous
measurement and analysis instruments.
30
ASU Doppler Lidar
31
(No Transcript)
32
ASU-ARL Dual-Doppler
33
100 Cities Project Standardized, repeated urban
remote sensing
Partners
Existing
Negotiating
Planned
34
Different sensors different information
Las Vegas, NV, 17-Oct-2000
Visible to near-infrared 15 m/pixel
Shortwave infrared 30 m/pixel
Thermal infrared bands 90 m/pixel

• Major land cover classes
• Vegetation health
• Soil properties
• Soil contamination

• Urban surface materials
• Rooftop materials
• Energy use
• Fugitive dust production
• Metal contamination
• Ecological communities

• Surface energy balances
• Regional climate models
• Anthropogenic heat sources
• Heat island development

35
Land Cover Comparison
Actual (AVHRR, Will Stefanov, ASU)
MM5 (USGS 25 category)
Large portions of urban area missing Active
agricultural areas misclassified Large effect on
surface energy budget and regional scale
circulation
36
48 hour forecast of surface temperature (May
30-June 1 2000) model simulation starts at 5am
local time ____ MM5 o o o Observations Model
underpredicts the maximum temperature Cooling
starts too early and is too rapid Pattern
repeated over two diurnal cycles Similar
behavior at urban and rural sites
Phoenix Sky Harbor (Urban)
Luke AFB (Rural)
37
Modeled and Observed Surface Temperatures with
Dry Surface Maximum temperature and time of
maximum better captured The model at the urban
site is still cooler at night (urban heat island
not represented) Rural site is accurately
forecast Ad hoc fix wont work at all times of
year (e.g. after it has rained) Surface
heterogeneity through the urban area not
represented
Sky Harbor
Luke AFB
38
CLEANER?

• NSF funded Collaborative Large-scale Engineering
  Analysis Network for Environmental Research
• A collection of environmental field measurement
  networks, large data repositories and computer
  models connected through an environmental
  cyber-infrastructure backbone.

39
CLEANER

• Four areas of focus
• Creation of a network of environmental field
  facilities (EFF)
• Creation of an environmental cyber-infrastructure
• Multidisciplinary collaboration
• Creation of a mechanism for multidisciplinary
  research and education

40
Active CLEANER Initiatives at ASU
41
Active CLEANER Initiatives at ASU

• The Mountain View High School Test Site

42
(No Transcript)
43
CLEANER Site On-Line
ASU CLEANER Site
Backup Site
44
(No Transcript)
45
(No Transcript)
46
(No Transcript)
47
(No Transcript)
48
Horizontal Wind Topography of Domain 20500
LST Jan 30 0500 LST Feb 1Every hour
49
Lagrangian Dispersion of Air Pollutants
50
Cities in Complex Terrain
Mexico City, Mexico
Phoenix, Arizona
Image source NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Scientific Visualization Studio
51
Cities in Complex Terrain
Phoenix, Arizona
Image source NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Scientific Visualization Studio
52
Example of radial velocity fields taken from VTMX
Field Experiment in Oct. 2000 in Salt Lake City.
A full 360 degree PPI is shown.
RHI plot of winds in Oklahoma City during the
JU2003 Experiment, 7/15/03 at 1040 UTC. Note the
rather quiescent boundary layer. Range away from
the lidar is in kilometers directly below the
plot, and the color bar shows how color relates
to radial velocities.
53
LiDAR
View from the roof of the lidar shelter with
meteorological tower (background) and tethered
balloon. The white device is the lidar scanner.
54
Sample boxes for the collection of SF6 gas,
designed by Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory.
Example of co-located remote sensing instruments
during the Joint Urban Dispersion Experiment 2003
in Oklahoma City (from left sodar, ceilometer,
radar). Photo courtesy of Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory.
55
Ozone Concentration Predicted by Models-3/CMAQ

• Phoenix Metropolitan Area
• 0400 LST July 22 0000 LST July 24

56
Phoenix Brown Cloud
From the Arizona Republic