Chapter 6

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Chapter 6 Judaism and Christianity
Section Notes
Video
Origins of Judaism Origins of Christianity The
Byzantine Empire
Impact of Location and Religion on Istanbul
Maps
The Jewish and Christian Worlds, 2000 BC-AD
1453 Jewish Migration after AD 70 Possible Routes
of the Exodus Pauls Journeys The Spread of
Christianity, 300-400 The Byzantine Empire,
1025 The Jewish and Christian Worlds
Close-up
The Glory of Constantinople
Images
Quick Facts
Judaism Basic Jewish Beliefs Jesus of
Nazareth The Last Supper
Chapter 6 Visual Summary
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Origins of Judaism

• The Big Idea
• The Hebrews formed a great kingdom in Israel and
  started a religion called Judaism.
• Main Ideas
• The Hebrews early history began in Canaan and
  ended when the Romans forced them out of Israel.
• Jewish beliefs in God, justice, and law anchor
  their society.
• Jewish sacred texts describe the laws and
  principles of Judaism.
• Traditions and holy days celebrate the history
  and religion of the Jewish people.

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Main Idea 1The Hebrews early history began in
Canaan and ended when the Romans forced them out
of Israel.

• Accounts written by Hebrew scribes describe their
  early history and the laws of Judaism, the
  Hebrews religion.
• Hebrews under Abraham settled in Canaan about
  2100 BC.
• Some Hebrews later moved to Egypt, where they
  were enslaved.
• About 1200 BC Moses led his people in a journey
  out of Egypt called the Exodus.
• Many years later Israel was divided into two
  kingdoms, Israel and Judah.
• Both kingdoms fell to invaders by 586 BC, and the
  Jews were scattered outside of Israel and Judah
  in the Diaspora.
• Some Jews returned, but were eventually conquered
  by the Romans who killed, enslaved, or drove away
  much of the Jewish population.

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Main Idea 2 Jewish beliefs in God, justice, and
law anchor their society.

• The belief in one and only one God is called
  monotheism.
• The Jews believed they were Gods chosen people.

One God

• Kindness and fairness in dealing with all other
  people

Justice

• Doing what is proper

Righteousness

• Most important are the Ten Commandments
• Mosaic law, recorded by Moses, guides many areas
  of Jews daily lives.

Law
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Main Idea 3 Jewish sacred texts describe the
laws and principles of Judaism.

• Torah
• Most sacred text of Judaism
• Five books containing most of the ancient Jewish
  laws
• Also contains history of the Jewish people until
  the death of Moses

• Hebrew Bible
• Also called the Tanach
• First part Torah
• Second part Eight books of messages of the
  Hebrew prophets
• Third part Eleven books of poetry, songs,
  stories, lessons, and history, with Psalms and
  Proverbs

• Commentaries
• Explanations of the Torah and laws by scholars
  and rabbis, or religious teachers
• Especially the Talmud, produced between AD 200
  and 600

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Main Idea 4 Traditions and holy days celebrate
the history and religion of the Jewish people.

• Jews feel that understanding their history will
  help them better follow the Jewish teachings.
• Traditions and holy days help Jews connect with
  their past and celebrate their history.
• The most important Jewish holy days are Hanukkah,
  Passover, and the High Holy Days of Rosh Hashanah
  and Yom Kippur.

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Jewish Holy Days

• Hanukkah (December)
• Ancient Jews celebrating a victory witnessed lamp
  oil for one day miraculously burn for eight
  full days.
• Today Jews light candles on eight-armed menorahs
  and exchange gifts to celebrate the event.

• Passover (March or April)
• Celebrates the Exodus from Egypt

• High Holy Days (September or October)
• Rosh Hashanah start of a new year in the Jewish
  calendar
• Yom Kippur Jews ask God to forgive their sins.

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Origins of Christianity

• The Big Idea
• Christianity, a religion based on the life and
  teachings ofJesus of Nazareth, spread throughout
  the Roman Empire.
• Main Ideas
• The life and death of Jesus of Nazareth inspired
  a new religion called Christianity.
• Christians believe that Jesuss acts and
  teachings focused on love and salvation.
• Jesuss followers taught others about Jesuss
  life and teachings.
• Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire
  by 400.

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Main Idea 1The life and death of Jesus of
Nazareth inspired a new religion called
Christianity.

• Many people believe Jesus was the Messiah a
  great leader the ancient Jews predicted would
  come to restore the greatness of Israel.
• Jesuss life and teachings form the basis of a
  religion called Christianity.
• What we know of Jesuss life is contained in the
  Bible, the holy book of Christianity.

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The Life of Jesus

• Jesus was born in a small town called Bethlehem
  at the end of the first century BC.
• Jesuss mother, Mary, was married to Joseph, a
  carpenter.
• Christians believe God was Jesuss father.
• Jesus began to travel and teach when he was about
  30, challenging the authority of political and
  religious leaders.
• In or around AD 30 they arrested and tried him.
  He was executed by crucifixion.
• Christians believe in Jesuss Resurrection, his
  rise from the dead three days after he was
  crucified.
• After the Resurrection, Jesus appeared to some
  groups of his disciples, or followers, and taught
  them about how to pass on his teachings.
• Then Jesus rose up into heaven.

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Main Idea 2 Christians believe that Jesuss
acts and teachings focused on love and salvation.

• Acts
• According to the Bible, Jesus performed miracles.
• Miracles are events that cannot normally be
  performed by a human.
• The New Testament says that people became Jesuss
  followers after seeing him perform miracles.

• Parables
• Parables are stories that teach lessons.
• Jesus taught using parables.
• Through parables, Jesus linked his beliefs and
  teachings to peoples everyday lives.

• Message
• Love God
• Love all people, even your enemies
• Salvation, the rescue of people from sin
• How people can reach Gods kingdom

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Main Idea 3 Jesuss followers taught others
about Jesuss life and teachings.

• Twelve men whom Jesus chose to receive special
  teaching
• Sent by Jesus to spread his teachings
• Continued teaching after the Resurrection
• Led by Peter after Jesus died

The Apostles

• Accounts of Jesuss life and teachings written
  attributed to his disciples
• New Testament contains four by Matthew, Mark,
  Luke, and John
• Best source of information about Jesuss life

The Gospels
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Paul

• Paul is probably the most important person in the
  spread of Christianity.
• Paul never met Jesus.
• At first he worked against the spread of Jesuss
  message.
• According to the Bible, Paul experienced an event
  which caused his conversion to Christianity.
• After his conversion he traveled spreading
  Christian teachings and wrote letters to
  communities throughout the Roman world.
• After he died he was named a saint, a person
  known and admired for his or her holiness.

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Main Idea 4Christianity spread throughout the
Roman Empire by 400.
Christians wrote down and distributed the Gospels
and other teachings.
Local Roman officials challenged the spread of
Christianity.
Christianity was banned by emperors during the
200s and 300s.
Local Christian leaders led each Christian
community. Leaders, or bishops, of larger cities
had more influence, especially the bishop of
Rome, also known as the pope. As the popes
influence grew, Christianity spread throughout
Rome.
Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and
removed bans against its practice.
Eventually, Christianity spread from Rome all
around the world.
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The Byzantine Empire

• The Big Idea
• The Roman Empire split into two parts, and the
  eastern Roman Empire prospered for hundreds of
  years after the western empire fell.
• Main Ideas
• Eastern emperors ruled from Constantinople and
  tried but failed to reunite the whole Roman
  Empire.
• The people of the eastern empire created a new
  society that was very different from society in
  the west.
• Byzantine Christianity was different from
  religion in the west.

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Main Idea 1Eastern emperors ruled from
Constantinople and tried but failed to reunite
the whole Roman Empire.

• Constantinople was built on the site of the
  ancient city of Byzantium and became the center
  of the Roman Empire.
• Justinian ruled from 527 to 565.
• His army conquered Italy and more land around the
  Mediterranean.
• Justinians enemies tried to overthrow him in
  532.
• Riots in the streets almost made Justinian leave
  Constantinople.
• His wife, Theodora, helped him find a way to end
  the riots and stay in the city.
• Following invasions by barbarians, Persians, and
  Muslims, later emperors lost all the land
  Justinian had gained.
• Constantinople was captured by Ottoman Turks in
  1453, ending the eastern Roman Empire.

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Main Idea 2 The people of the eastern empire
created a new society that was very different
from society in the west.

• After the death of Justinian, non-Roman
  influences took hold throughout the empire.
• Gradually, the empire lost its ties to the old
  Roman Empire, and a new society developed.
• Byzantine Empire is what modern historians call
  the society that developed in the eastern Roman
  Empire after the western empire fell.

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The Byzantine Empire

• Location The site of Constantinople was
  originally a Greek trade center.
• Trade Merchants from all over Europe, Asia, and
  Africa traded in Constantinople.

Influences

• The eastern empires language was Greek.

Language

• Greek philosophy was studied by scholars.

Philosophy

• Eastern emperors liked to show their great power.
• The emperor was the head of the church as well as
  the political ruler.

Government
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Main Idea 3 Byzantine Christianity was
different from religion in the west.

• Similarities Between East and West
• Most people who lived in the Byzantine Empire
  were Christian.
• Byzantine artists created beautiful works of
  religious art, such as mosaics, pictures made
  with pieces of colored stone or glass.
• They also built magnificent churches, such as
  Hagia Sophia.

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Differences Caused Division

• West
• Western services performed in Latin.
• Western priests not allowed to marry.

• East
• Eastern services performed in Greek.
• Eastern priests allowed to marry.

• The Christian Church officially split in the
  1000s.
• Eastern Christians formed the Orthodox Church.

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