XML

1
XML
Source http//www.ccse.kfupm.edu.sa/mibuhari/swe
444/SWE444.htm
2
Outline

• HTML
• XHTML
• XML
• XSL / XSLT
• DTD
• DOM
• XSD
• XPath
• XForms
• CSS

3
What is XML?

• XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language
• A meta-language for descriptive markup you
  invent your own tags
• XML uses a Document Type Definition (DTD) or an
  XML Schema to describe the data
• XML with a DTD or XML Schema is designed to be
  self-descriptive
• Built-in internationalization via Unicode
• Built-in error-handling
• Optimized for network operations
• Tons of support from the big IT companies

4
Some History

• SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)
• ISO Standard, 1986, for data storage exchange
• Metalanguage for defining languages (through
  DTDs)
• A famous SGML language HTML
• Separation of content and display
• Used in U.S. gvt. contractors, large
  manufacturing companies, technical info.
  Publishers,...
• SGML reference is 600 pages long
• XML
• W3C recommendation in 1998
• Simple subset (80/20 rule) of SGML ASCII of
  the Web, Semantic Web
• XML specification is 26 pages long

5
Timeline

• 1986
• SGML becomes a standard
• 1989
• Tim Berners-Lee creates the WWW
• 1994
• W3C established
• 1998
• XML 1.0 W3C Recommendation
• Jan 2000
• XHTML becomes W3C Recommendation
• A Reformulation of HTML 4 in XML 1.0
• Feb 2004
• W3c XML 1.0 (Third Edition) Recommendation
• http//www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml-20040204/
• Feb 2004
• XML 1.1 Recommendation
• http//www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml11-20040204/

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XML and HTML

• XML is not a replacement for HTML
• XML was designed to carry data
• XML and HTML were designed with different goals
• XML was designed to describe data and to focus on
  what data is
• HTML was designed to display data and to focus on
  how data looks.
• HTML is about displaying information, while XML
  is about describing information

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HTML and XML, I
HTML is used to mark up text so it can be
displayed to users
XML is used to mark up data so it can be
processed by computers
HTML describes both structure (e.g. ltpgt, lth2gt,
ltemgt) and appearance (e.g. ltbrgt, ltfontgt, ltigt)
XML describes only content, or meaning
In XML, you make up your own tags
HTML uses a fixed, unchangeable set of tags
8
HTML and XML, II

• HTML and XML look similar, because they are both
  SGML languages
• Both HTML and XML use elements enclosed in tags
• Both use tag attributes
• More precisely,
• HTML is defined in SGML
• XML is a (very small) subset of SGML

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HTML and XML, III

• HTML is for humans
• HTML describes web pages
• You dont want to see error messages about the
  web pages you visit
• Browsers ignore and/or correct as many HTML
  errors as they can, so HTML is often sloppy
• XML is for computers
• XML describes data
• The rules are strict and errors are not allowed
• In this way, XML is like a programming language
• Current versions of most browsers can display XML

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XML does not DO anything

• XML was not designed to DO anything
• XML is created to structure, store and to send
  information
• The following example is a book info, stored as
  XML

lt?xml version'1.0'?gt ltbookstoregt ltbook
genreautobiography publicationdate1981
ISBN1-861003-11-0gt lttitlegtThe
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklinlt/titlegt
ltauthorgt ltfirst-namegtBenjaminlt/first-namegt
ltlast-namegtFranklinlt/last-namegt
lt/authorgt ltpricegt8.99lt/pricegt lt/bookgt
lt/bookstoregt
11
XML is Free and Extensible

• XML tags are not predefined
• You must "invent" your own tags
• The tags used to mark up HTML documents and the
  structure of HTML documents are predefined
• The author of HTML documents can only use tags
  that are defined in the HTML standard
• XML allows the author to define his own tags and
  his own document structure

12
XML Future

• XML is going to be everywhere
• XML is a cross-platform, software and hardware
  independent tool for transmitting information.

XML
XML
XML
XML
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Benefits of XML

• Open W3C standard
• Representation of data across heterogeneous
  environments
• Cross platform
• Allows for high degree of interoperability
• Strict rules
• Syntax
• Structure
• Case sensitive

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How can XML be Used?

• XML can Separate Data from HTML
• With XML, your data is stored outside your HTML
• XML is used to Exchange Data
• With XML, data can be exchanged between
  incompatible systems
• With XML, financial information can be exchanged
  over the Internet
• XML can be used to Share Data
• XML can be used to Store Data
• XML can make your Data more Useful
• XML can be used to Create new Languages

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Components of an XML Document

• Elements
• Each element has a beginning and ending tag
• ltTAG_NAMEgt...lt/TAG_NAMEgt
• Elements can be empty (ltTAG_NAME /gt)
• Attributes
• Describes an element e.g. data type, data range,
  etc.
• Can only appear on beginning tag
• Processing instructions
• Encoding specification (Unicode by default)
• Namespace declaration
• Schema declaration

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Components of an XML Document

• lt?xml version1.0 ?gt
• lt?xml-stylesheet type"text/xsl"
  hreftemplate.xsl"?gt
• ltROOTgt
• ltELEMENT1gtltSUBELEMENT1 /gtltSUBELEMENT2
  /gtlt/ELEMENT1gt
• ltELEMENT2gt lt/ELEMENT2gt
• ltELEMENT3 typestringgt lt/ELEMENT3gt
• ltELEMENT4 typeinteger value9.3gt
  lt/ELEMENT4gt
• lt/ROOTgt

Elements with Attributes
Elements
Processing Instructions
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XML declaration

• The XML declaration looks like thislt?xml
  version"1.0" encoding"UTF-8" standalone"yes"?gt
• The XML declaration is not required by browsers,
  but is required by most XML processors (so
  include it!)
• If present, the XML declaration must be
  first--not even whitespace should precede it
• Note that the brackets are lt? and ?gt
• version"1.0" is required (this is the only
  version so far)
• encoding can be "UTF-8" (ASCII) or "UTF-16"
  (Unicode), or something else, or it can be
  omitted
• standalone tells whether there is a separate DTD

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Processing Instructions

• PIs (Processing Instructions) may occur anywhere
  in the XML document (but usually first)
• A PI is a command to the program processing the
  XML document to handle it in a certain way
• XML documents are typically processed by more
  than one program
• Programs that do not recognize a given PI should
  just ignore it
• General format of a PI lt?target instructions?gt
• Example lt?xml-stylesheet type"text/css"
  href"mySheet.css"?gt

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XML Elements

• An XML element is everything from the element's
  start tag to the element's end tag
• XML Elements are extensible and they have
  relationships
• XML Elements have simple naming rules
• Names can contain letters, numbers, and other
  characters
• Names must not start with a number or punctuation
  character
• Names must not start with the letters xml (or XML
  or Xml ..)
• Names cannot contain spaces

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XML Attributes

• XML elements can have attributes
• Data can be stored in child elements or in
  attributes
• Should you avoid using attributes?
• Here are some of the problems using attributes
• attributes cannot contain multiple values (child
  elements can)
• attributes are not easily expandable (for future
  changes)
• attributes cannot describe structures (child
  elements can)
• attributes are more difficult to manipulate by
  program code
• attribute values are not easy to test against a
  Document Type Definition (DTD) - which is used to
  define the legal elements of an XML document

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An XML Document
lt?xml version'1.0'?gt ltbookstoregt ltbook
genreautobiography publicationdate1981
ISBN1-861003-11-0gt lttitlegtThe
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklinlt/titlegt
ltauthorgt ltfirst-namegtBenjaminlt/first-namegt
ltlast-namegtFranklinlt/last-namegt
lt/authorgt ltpricegt8.99lt/pricegt lt/bookgt
ltbook genrenovel publicationdate1967
ISBN0-201-63361-2gt lttitlegtThe Confidence
Manlt/titlegt ltauthorgt ltfirst-namegtHermanlt
/first-namegt ltlast-namegtMelvillelt/last-namegt
lt/authorgt ltpricegt11.99lt/pricegt
lt/bookgt lt/bookstoregt
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Another XML Document

• lt?xml version"1.0"?gt
• ltweatherReportgt
• ltdategt7/14/97lt/dategt
• ltcitygtNorth Placelt/citygt, ltstategtNXlt/stategt
• ltcountrygtUSAlt/countrygt
• High Temp lthigh scale"F"gt103lt/highgt
• Low Temp ltlow scale"F"gt70lt/lowgt
• Morning ltmorninggtPartly cloudy,
  Hazylt/morninggt
• Afternoon ltafternoongtSunny amp
  hotlt/afternoongt
• Evening lteveninggtClear and Coolerlt/eveninggt
• lt/weatherReportgt

23
XML Validation

• XML with correct syntax is Well Formed XML
• XML validated against a DTD is Valid XML

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Rules For Well-Formed XML

• There must be one, and only one, root element
• All XML elements must have a closing tag
• Sub-elements must be properly nested
• A tag must end within the tag in which it was
  started
• Attributes are optional
• Defined by an optional schema
• Attribute values must be enclosed in or
• Processing instructions are optional
• XML is case-sensitive
• lttaggt and ltTAGgt are not the same type of element
• White space is preserved
• CR / LF is converted to LF
• Comment in XML is similar to that of HTML

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XML DTD

• A DTD defines the legal elements of an XML
  document
• defines the document structure with a list of
  legal elements
• XML Schema 
• XML Schema is an XML based alternative to DTD
• Errors in XML documents will stop the XML program
  
• XML Validators

26
Browsers Support for XML

• Netscape 6 supports XML
• Internet Explorer 5.0 supports the XML 1.0
  standard
• Internet Explorer 5.0 has the following XML
  support
• Viewing of XML documents
• Full support for W3C DTD standards
• XML embedded in HTML as Data Islands
• Binding XML data to HTML elements
• Transforming and displaying XML with XSL
• Displaying XML with CSS
• Access to the XML DOM

27
Viewing XML Files

• Raw XML files can be viewed in IE 5.0 (and
  higher) and in Netscape 6
• but to make it display like a web page, you have
  to add some display information
• XML documents do not carry information about how
  to display the data
• Different solutions to the display problem, using
  CSS, XSL, JavaScript, and XML Data Islands

28
Displaying XML with CSS

• With CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) you can add
  display information to an XML document
• Formatting XML with CSS is NOT the future of the
  Web
• Formatting with XSL will be the new standard

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Example the xml file
lt?xml version"1.0" encoding"ISO-8859-1"?gt
lt?xml-stylesheet type"text/css"
href"cd_catalog.css"?gt ltCATALOGgt ltCDgt
ltTITLEgtEmpire Burlesquelt/TITLEgt ltARTISTgtBob
Dylanlt/ARTISTgt ltCOUNTRYgtUSAlt/COUNTRYgt
ltCOMPANYgtColumbialt/COMPANYgt
ltPRICEgt10.90lt/PRICEgt ltYEARgt1985lt/YEARgt
lt/CDgt ltCDgt ltTITLEgtHide your heartlt/TITLEgt
ltARTISTgtBonnie Tylerlt/ARTISTgt
ltCOUNTRYgtUKlt/COUNTRYgt ltCOMPANYgtCBS
Recordslt/COMPANYgt ltPRICEgt9.90lt/PRICEgt
ltYEARgt1988lt/YEARgt lt/CDgt . . . . lt/CATALOGgt
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Example the css file
CATALOG background-color ffffff width
100 CD display block margin-bottom
30pt margin-left 0 TITLE color
FF0000 font-size 20pt ARTIST color
0000FF font-size 20pt COUNTRY,PRICE,YEAR,C
OMPANY Display block color 000000
margin-left 20pt
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Displaying XML with XSL

• With XSL you can add display information to your
  XML document
• XSL is the preferred style sheet language of XML
• XSL (the eXtensible Stylesheet Language) is far
  more sophisticated than CS
• One way to use XSL is to transform XML into HTML
  before it is displayed by the browser

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Example the xml file
lt?xml version"1.0" encoding"ISO-8859-1"?gt lt?xml-
stylesheet type"text/xsl" href"simple.xsl"
?gt ltbreakfast_menugt ltfoodgt ltnamegtBelgian
Waffleslt/namegt ltpricegt5.95lt/pricegt ltdescripti
ongttwo of our famous Belgian Waffles with plenty
of real maple syruplt/descriptiongt ltcaloriesgt650lt
/caloriesgt lt/foodgt ltfoodgt ltnamegtStrawberry
Belgian Waffleslt/namegt ltpricegt7.95lt/pricegt ltd
escriptiongtlight Belgian waffles covered with
strawberries and whipped creamlt/descriptiongt ltca
loriesgt900lt/caloriesgt lt/foodgt lt/breakfast_men
ugt lt/breakfast_menugt
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Example the xsl file
lt?xml version"1.0" encoding"ISO-8859-1"?gt lthtml
xslversion"1.0" xmlnsxsl"http//www.w3.org/199
9/XSL/Transform" xmlns"http//www.w3.org/TR/xhtml
1/strict"gt ltbody style"font-familyArial,helvet
ica,sans-seriffont-size12pt background-colorE
EEEEE"gt ltxslfor-each select"breakfast_menu/f
ood"gt ltdiv style"background-colortealcolo
rwhitepadding4px"gt ltspan
style"font-weightboldcolorwhite"gt
ltxslvalue-of select"name"/gtlt/spangt -
ltxslvalue-of select"price"/gt lt/divgt
ltdiv style"margin-left20pxmargin-bottom1emfon
t-size10pt"gt ltxslvalue-of
select"description"/gt ltspan
style"font-styleitalic"gt
(ltxslvalue-of select"calories"/gt calories per
serving) lt/spangt lt/divgt
lt/xslfor-eachgt lt/bodygt lt/htmlgt
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View the result in IE 6
35
XML Data Islands

• XML can be embedded within HTML pages in Data
  Islands
• Manipulated via client side script or data
  binding
• The unofficial ltxmlgt tag is used to embed XML
  data within HTML
• Data Islands can be bound to HTML elements (like
  HTML tables)

lthtmlgt ltbodygt ltxml id"cdcat"
src"cd_catalog.xml"gtlt/xmlgt lttable border"1"
datasrc"cdcat"gt lttrgt lttdgt ltspan
datafld"ARTIST"gt lt/spangt lt/tdgt lttdgt ltspan
datafld"TITLE"gt lt/spangt lt/tdgt lt/trgt lt/tablegt
lt/bodygt lt/htmlgt
36
The Microsoft XML Parser

• To read and update an XML document, you need an
  XML parser
• The Microsoft XML parser comes with Microsoft
  Internet Explorer 5.0
• Once you have installed IE 5.0, the parser is
  available to scripts, both inside HTML documents.
  
• The parser features a language-neutral
  programming model that supports
• JavaScript, VBScript, Perl, VB, Java, C and
  more
• W3C XML 1.0 and XML DOM
• DTD and validation
• You can create an XML document object with the
  following code
• var xmlDocnew ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM")

37
Loading an XML file into the parser

• XML files can be loaded into the parser using
  script code.
• The following code loads an XML document
  (note.xml) into the XML parser
• ltscript type"text/javascript"gt var xmlDoc new
  ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM")
  xmlDoc.async"false" xmlDoc.load("note.xml") //
  ....... processing the document goes here
  lt/scriptgt
• The second line in the code above creates an
  instance of the Microsoft XML parser
• The third line turns off asynchronized loading,
  to make sure that the parser will not continue
  execution before the document is fully loaded
• The fourth line tells the parser to load the XML
  document called note.xml

38
Namespaces Overview

• Part of XMLs extensibility
• Allow authors to differentiate between tags of
  the same name (using a prefix)
• Frees author to focus on the data and decide how
  to best describe it
• Allows multiple XML documents from multiple
  authors to be merged
• Identified by a URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)
• When a URL is used, it does NOT have to represent
  a live server

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Namespaces Declaration
Namespace declaration examples
xmlns bk http//www.example.com/bookinfo/
xmlns bk urnmybookstuff.orgbookinfo
xmlns bk http//www.example.com/bookinfo/
Namespace declaration
Prefix
URI (URL)
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Namespaces Examples
ltBOOK xmlnsbkhttp//www.bookstuff.org/bookinfo
gt ltbkTITLEgtAll About XMLlt/bkTITLEgt
ltbkAUTHORgtJoe Developerlt/bkAUTHORgt ltbkPRICE
currencyUS Dollargt19.99lt/bkPRICEgt
ltbkBOOK xmlnsbkhttp//www.bookstuff.org/bookin
fo xmlnsmoneyurnfinancemoneygt
ltbkTITLEgtAll About XMLlt/bkTITLEgt
ltbkAUTHORgtJoe Developerlt/bkAUTHORgt ltbkPRICE
moneycurrencyUS Dollargt
19.99lt/bkPRICEgt
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Namespaces Default Namespace

• An XML namespace declared without a prefix
  becomes the default namespace for all
  sub-elements
• All elements without a prefix will belong to the
  default namespace

ltBOOK xmlnshttp//www.bookstuff.org/bookinfogt
ltTITLEgtAll About XMLlt/TITLEgt ltAUTHORgtJoe
Developerlt/AUTHORgt
42
Namespaces Scope

• Unqualified elements belong to the inner-most
  default namespace.
• BOOK, TITLE, and AUTHOR belong to the default
  book namespace
• PUBLISHER and NAME belong to the default
  publisher namespace

ltBOOK xmlnswww.bookstuff.org/bookinfogt
ltTITLEgtAll About XMLlt/TITLEgt ltAUTHORgtJoe
Developerlt/AUTHORgt ltPUBLISHER
xmlnsurnpublisherspublinfogt
ltNAMEgtMicrosoft Presslt/NAMEgt
lt/PUBLISHERgt lt/BOOKgt
43
Namespaces Attributes

• Unqualified attributes do NOT belong to any
  namespace
• Even if there is a default namespace
• This differs from elements, which belong to the
  default namespace

44
Entities

• Entities provide a mechanism for textual
  substitution, e.g.
• You can define your own entities
• Parsed entities can contain text and markup
• Unparsed entities can contain any data
• JPEG photos, GIF files, movies, etc.

45
CDATA

• By default, all text inside an XML document is
  parsed
• You can force text to be treated as unparsed
  character data by enclosing it in lt!CDATA ...
  gt
• Any characters, even and lt, can occur inside a
  CDATA
• Whitespace inside a CDATA is (usually) preserved
• The only real restriction is that the character
  sequence gt cannot occur inside a CDATA
• CDATA is useful when your text has a lot of
  illegal characters (for example, if your XML
  document contains some HTML text)

46
Pure XML -- Instance Model

• XML 1.0 Standard
• no explicit data model
• only syntax of well-formed and valid (wrt. a DTD)
  documents
• implicit data model
• nested containers ("boxes within boxes")
• labeled ordered trees (a semistructured data
  model)
• relational, object-oriented, other data easy to
  encode

A
ltAgt ltBgtfoolt/Bgt ltCgtbarlt/Cgt ltCgtlablt/Cgt lt/Agt
B
C
C
"foo"
"bar"
"lab"
children are ordered
47
Example Relational Data to XML
R
?R? ?tuple? ?A? a1 ?/A? ?B? b1 ?/B? ?C? c1
?/C? ?/tuple? ?tuple? ?A? a2 ?/A? ?B? b2
?/B? ?C? c2 ?/C? ?/tuple? ?/R?
48
Adding Structure and Semantics

• XML Document Type Definitions (DTDs)
• define the structure of "allowed" documents
  (i.e., valid wrt. a DTD)
• ? database schema
• gt improve query formulation, execution, ...
• XML Schema
• defines structure and data types
• allows developers to build their own libraries of
  interchanged data types
• XML Namespaces
• identify your vocabulary

49
XML Related Technologies I

• XHTML - Extensible HTML
• CSS - Cascading Style Sheets
• XSL - Extensible Style Sheet Language
• XSL consists of three parts XML Document
  Transformation (renamed XSLT, see below), a
  pattern matching syntax (renamed XPath, see
  below), and a formatting object interpretation. 
• XSLT - XML Transformation
• XSLT is far more powerful than CSS. It can be
  used to transform XML files into many different
  output formats.
• XPath - XML Pattern Matching
• XPath is a language for addressing parts of an
  XML document. XPath was designed to be used by
  both XSLT and XPointer.

50
XML Related Technologies II

• XLink - XML Linking Language
• The XML Linking Language (XLink), allows elements
  to be inserted into XML documents in order to
  create links between XML resources.
• XPointer - XML Pointer Language
• The XML Pointer Language (XPointer), supports
  addressing into the internal structures of XML
  documents, such as elements, attributes, and
  content.
• DTD - Document Type Definition
• A DTD can be used to define the legal building
  blocks of an XML document.
• Namespaces
• XML namespaces defines a method for defining
  element and attribute names used in XML by
  associating them with URI references.

51
XML Related Technologies III

• DOM - Document Object Model
• The DOM defines interfaces, properties and
  methods to manipulate XML documents.
• XSD - XML Schema
• Schemas are powerful alternatives to DTDs.
  Schemas are written in XML, and support
  namespaces and data types.
• XQL - XML Query Language
• The XML Query Language supports query facilities
  to extract data from XML documents.
• SAX - Simple API for XML
• SAX is another interface to read and manipulate
  XML documents

52
References

• W3 Schools XML Tutorial
• http//www.w3schools.com/xml/default.asp
• W3C XML page
• http//www.w3.org/XML/
• XML Tutorials
• http//www.programmingtutorials.com/xml.aspx
• Online resource for markup language technologies
• http//xml.coverpages.org/
• Several Online Presentations

53
References

• W3 Schools XML Tutorial
• http//www.w3schools.com/xml/default.asp