Workshop Plant Bioinformatics

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Workshop Plant Bioinformatics

• By Addy Hernandez

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Out line

• DNA
• RNA
• Central Dogma
• Amino Acids
• Gene
• Chromosomes
• Interesting stuff
• NBCI
• Why do We bother?
• Potatoes
• What I gained

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• DNA

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DNA The Key

• DNA is the Key to all living organisms. DNA
  acts like an instructional manual to life . But
  how? Within DNA tons of Data is stored to
  determine your physical features, and the it can
  copy itself and pass it on to another cell. Lots
  of people ask themselves why do I have brown
  eyes and why does my nose have to be so big?
  Well Some of these Questions can be answered by
  technology that we have today, such as Micro
  arrays. Although there is still many questions to
  be answered that the human mind asks about.
  Technology is constantly working on decoding
  genes in humans, plants and animals. They believe
  that by doing so they can detect diseases that
  are in ones genes.

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• Central Dogma

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Introduction

• What does DNA stand for? DNA is a abbreviation
  for Deoxyribonucleic acid. The DNA figure is like
  a spiral staircase. Half of the DNA ladder is a
  template for copying the whole. The four bases of
  DNA are the nucleotides, which are A,T,C and G. A
  is Adenine, T is Thymine, C is Cytosine and G is
  Guanine. In RNA the letter T is replaced by U. In
  the ladder A is always paired up with T and G
  with C. The central dogma is DNA transcribed long
  strands of messenger RNA from the four letter
  paired in three called Triplet Condon. The RNA
  is then translated into protein (amino acids).
  Twenty amino acids are fundamental blocks from
  which human life is constructed. A mutation can
  occur when genetic information is being copied
  for new cells.
• The Central Dogma
• DNA RNA
  Amino Acid

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Codon Table

• DNA codons for each Amino Acids
• NAME Abbreviations Codons
• Alanine Ala A GCA,GCC,GCG,GCT
• Cysteine Cys C TGC,TGT
• Aspartic Acid Asp D GAC,GAT
• Glutamic Acid Glu E GAA,GAG
• Phenylalanine Phe F TTC,TTT
• Glycine Gly G GGA,GGC,GGG,GGT
• Histidine His H CAC,CAT
• Isoleucine Ile I ATA,ATC,ATT
• Lysine Lys K AAA,AAG
• Leucine Leu L TTA,TTG,CTA,CTC,CTG,CTT
• Methionine Met M ATG
• Asparagine Asn N AAC,AAT
• Proline Pro P CCA,CCC,CCG,CCT
• Glutamine Gln Q CAA,CAG
• Arginine Arg R CGA,CGC,CGG,CGT
• Serine Ser S TCA,TCC,TCG,TCT,AGC,AGT
• Threonine Thr T ACA,ACC,ACG,ACT

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• Amino Acids

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• Amino Acids are proteins that are made from our
  RNA.
• Amino acids serve as building blocks for
  proteins.
• They serve as raw materials for the manufacture
  of many other cellular products, including
  hormones and pigments.

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• Genes and
• Chromosomes

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What is a Gene?

• Part of the sequence that encodes for a protein
• DNA
• Transcription
• RNA
• Translation
• Protein

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Chromosomes

• Cells all arise from preexisting cells this
  process is called mitosis. Each chromosome
  first copies its self, duplicates line up at
  the equator of the cell. Then duplicate copies
  of each chromosomes are pulled toward opposite
  poles. Finally the cell splits producing two new
  daughter cells with identical sets of
  chromosomes. Within the chromosomes are what we
  call genes. These genes are what make you, you.
  They determine what color your eyes are, what
  color your hair is, your height. some scientist
  also believe that some where in the chromosomes,
  interests are expressed. This however is not
  proven. There is also a chromosome that determine
  a persons sex. Humans has a total of 23
  chromosomes, all of these match up except for 1
  which is the chromosome that determines sex.
  Females consist of two x in the sex chromosomes,
  Males have One x and a shorter y sex chromosome.

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Interesting Stuff

• A Males Y chromosome is half the size of a
  Females X chromosome.
• In chromosomes errors may occur that give rise to
  embryos with more or less genetic information
  resulting in disabilities or health problems.
• The construction of a human requires an estimated
  50,000 genes while a corn plant has an estimated
  60,000 genes.
• If a DNA strand would be unraveled it would be an
  estimated 5 ft and about 50 trillionths of an
  inch thick.
• Heredity is basically described as the process of
  transmitting biological traits from parent to
  offspring through genes.
• Heredity determines the color of eyes of an
  offspring as well as hair color and blood type.
• For example when two dogs mate, if
  both of the parents are Chihuahuas then the
  offspring will be a Chihuahua not a Labrador
  Retriever.

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NCBI

• Is a great way to pull out information, analyze
  it and share it.
• NCBI stands for the National Center for
  Biotechnology Information.
• Makes it easy to access data on biology,
  biochemistry and genetics.
• Has Entrez, Human Genome Resources, Blast,
  Comparative Genomics and PubMed.
• Entrez is an integrated data base system, enables
  text searching, has a diverse set of 20 databases
  such as sequence structure, mapping, and 3D
  structure view.
• Human Genome Resources is an access to annotated
  assembly and related resources.
• Blast is an access able to sequence similarity
  search tools.
• Comparative Genomics is an access to complete
  genomes and comparison resources.
• PubMed is an access to biomedical literature.
• Best of all it is
  FREE!!!

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• Potatoes

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Potatoes (Solanum Tubersosum)

• You might not believe this but potatoes are an
  amazing plant model.
• Potatoes are a major world food crop that is only
  surpassed by wheat, rice and corn in human
  consumption
• Today more than 85 million tons of potato are
  produced annually with more than a third coming
  from different counties.
• Potatoes were originated in the Bolivian-
  Peruvian Andes
• Were consumed as early as 8,000 year ago, when
  the Spanish conquers found the Incas growing
  potatoes.
• Even though non-crop models such as Arabidopsis
  offers a certain research advantage, they do
  answer little in pertinent agricultural
  questions.
• Potatoes are heterozygous, a characteristic that
  contributes to the crops extreme genetic
  diversity and is probably a key factor in the
  crops survival.
• The edible part of the potato is called a tuber.

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Did You Know?

• Potatoes grown commercially are actually clones,
  produced vegetatively by tuber cuttings (eyes)
  rather than by the true botanical seed.
• Although potatoes are successful commercially,
  they do suffer tremendous loss to diseases.
• The most persistent pathogen is called
  Phytophthura Infestans (a fungus), that can
  infect a healthy field in one week.
• The reason the spread is enhanced is because the
  potato is generally propagated by the tuber
  cutting rather than by seed, which allows it to
  be easily transmitted from one crop generation to
  the
• next.

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Why do we bother?

• We spent tons of money on research projects
  like the Human Genome Project and the Potato
  Research Project. But why do we spend all this
  money? Scientist are always coming up with new
  explanations for different theories. Like what
  killed the dinosaurs? But the reason we spend
  tons of money on projects like these we can day
  by day expand our learning on such theories. We
  dont have all the answers to all our questions
  but we advance as the years go on.

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What I Gained from this workshop

• More about human genomes as well as plant
  genomes.
• Tons of DNA information.
• Met new people
• How to search on line for data.
• Stuff I realy didnt understand but I wanted to
  research a little more

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• And I know what your thinking
• Is it almost over?

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• Now it is!