Schiffman, Ch' 14

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Schiffman, Ch. 14
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Neural pathways

• Cochleaauditory nerveolivary nucleusinferior
  colliculusmedial geniculate nucleusauditory
  cortex
• More representation in cortex on opposite side
  from ear

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Lateralization

• Left hemisphere sequential (bottom up),
  syntactical, phonetic, word meanings, analysis of
  musics meaning
• Right hemisphere holistic, integrative (top
  down), sight words, inferences, knowledge base,
  speed reading, overall sound of music
• Note even chimps have some lateralization

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Auditory space perception

• Monaural cuesnot good for direction, but help
  with distance loud close getting louder
  getting closer (duh)
• People overestimate amount of change in loudness
  when object approaches compared to when it
  recedes adaptive implications

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Binaural cues

• Time differencecells in cortex can respond to
  difference in signals from 2 ears of .0001 sec.
• Amount of time difference determines which cells
  fire
• Precedence effecttend to perceive only first
  sound we hear (reflections)

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Binaural cues

• Phasedistance between ears means wave pattern
  will be at difference phase for each ear
• Intensitysound shadow of head greater
  difference for high freq. (means they can be
  localized better)

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Binaural cues

• Stereophonic listeningto truly mimic what we
  hear, would need to record by putting one
  microphone next to each ear (would capture phase
  intensity differences, sound shadow, etc.)
• Actual recordings try to mimic this artificially
  through sound engineering

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Binaural cues

• Head movementsto try to get around median plane
  problem
• Pinnadirection partly indicated by difference in
  sound hitting front vs. rear of pinna

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Echolocation

• Similar to sonar, ultrasound
• Studies of blind individualsif get rid of
  auditory cues, cant navigate around objects in a
  room also, put microphone on another person, and
  let blind person listen to what microphone picks
  up as person walks aroundalmost as good as if
  blind person were walking
• Stevie Wonder coin counting

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Music

• Octavesfrequencies are double
• Notes octave apart sound more similar than any
  two in between
• Perfect pitch
• Amusiaprofound lack of musical perception cant
  recognize tones or reproduce them
• Musical agnosiainability to recognize
  music/melodies

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Perceiving music

• Gestalt principles notes go together that are
  in proximity, similar in pitch, have common fate
  (go up or down together) also closure figure
  ground
• Constancyfor anyone without perfect pitch, can
  sing song without knowing what key you are
  inrelationship of notes is what is constant, not
  absolute pitches

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Misc. music

• Chromesthesiacolor hearing (sounds/music evoke
  visual perceptions/colors
• Color association(apparently) learned
  association between music and certain colors
  (dont really see colors)
• Why do we have musical ability? Pinkerauditory
  cheesecake Millersexual selection

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Speech

• Note add to parts you may skip pp. 381-388
• Do we have linguistic (e.g., phoneme) feature
  detectors? Study listen to repeated sound (d
  d d d d) for 2 min., then hear ambiguous sound
  (halfway between d and t), tend to hears sound
  other than one have been listening to (t) like a
  speech-based negative afterimage

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Brain speech

• Wernickes area speech reception
• Brocas area expressive speech
• Broca
• Neuroscience for Kids - Language
• Very specific deficits can occur loss of
  ability to know word meaning for certain words,
  but only when used as a verb, not same word as a
  noun loss of naming ability for fruits
  vegetables

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