The Cold War 19451991

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The Cold War 1945-1991
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YALTA (in the USSR) Date Feb 1945 Present
Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin

• Preliminary decisions made for end of war.

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United Nations Created

• April, 1945 San Francisco, CA
• 51 nations agreed
• Two bodies of UN
• General Assembly any member (nation) same
  voting rights.
• Security Council 5 permanent members can veto
  over general assembly
• 10 rotating temporary members

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POTSDAM (Germany) Date July 1945 Present
Churchill, Truman and Stalin

• Split Germany
• Demilitarize Germany
• Nazi Party outlawed
• German democracy
• Trials for war criminals

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Iron Curtain A term used by Winston Churchill
to describe the separating of Those
communist lands of East Europe from the West.
Divided Germany
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The Cold War 1945-1991 An Ideological
Struggle
Soviet Eastern Bloc NationsIron Curtain
US the Western Democracies
GOAL ? Containment of Communism the eventual
collapse of the Communist world.
GOAL ? spread world-wide Communism

• METHODOLOGIES
• Espionage KGB vs. CIA
• Arms Race nuclear escalation
• Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
  of Third World peoples Communist govt. command
  economy vs. democratic govt. capitalist
  economy ? proxy wars
• Bi-Polarization of Europe NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

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Soviet Nations-nations under Soviet domination
that would serve as buffer zones to an attack

• Poland
• Albania
• Bulgaria
• Czechoslovakia
• Hungary
• Romania
• Finland
• Yugoslavia
• East Germany

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The Bipolarization of Europe
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Origins of Cold War

• Post WWII US/Soviet relations severed
• Soviet Nations created
• US intervenes
• Truman Doctrine
• Spread of Communism is a threat to democracy
• Containment policy contain communism, prevent
  from spreading.
• Ends isolationist policy of US.
• Issue of Greece and Turkey
• Could not allow soviet control of Dardanelles
• 400 million in aid to protect

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Marshall Plan

• European Recovery Program aimed at providing
  economic assistance to European countries.
• Sec. of State George Marshall
• East Germany benefits from Marshall Plan
• Four years - 13 billion in grants and loans to
  Europe.
• Showed U.S. economic strength at end of war.

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Berlin Airlift

• Goal Unify four sectors into Germany
• June, 1948 Soviets oppose unifying Germany all
  together.
• Federal Republic of Germany
• Three sectors unite - US, France and G. Britain.
• Problem
• East Berlin Communist
• West Berlin Capitalist
• Soviets blockade food, resources into East Berlin
  by land and water traffic.
• East Berlin facing starvation

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East Germany
West Germany
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Divided Berlin

• The Russians took very high casualties to capture
  Berlin in May 1945. They spent the early
  occupation trying to take over all zones of the
  city but were stopped by German democrats such as
  Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the
  Russians had to admit the Americans, French and
  British to their respective zones.

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Berlin Airlift

• Thousands flee to West Berlin to escape communist
  rule
• 13,000 tons of goods arrived by air from the US
  to West Berlin

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Communist Advances

• Soviet atomic threat
• September 1949
• Successful atomic test explosion in Soviet Union
• US fears effect of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Truman forges ahead to maintain US arm
  superiority
• Hydrogen bomb (thermonuclear) 1952
• Federal Civil Defense Administration created
• Planned for bomb shelters, instruction for aid
  raid drills in schools
• HONESTLY totally pointless

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• The nuclear bomb gave America a lead which was
  expected to last at least 5 years. The rapid
  Russian development of nuclear technology, helped
  by the work of the atom spies was a
  shock.Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared
  war against Japan at the beginning of August 1945
  and rushed to advance into Asia to stake out a
  position for the post-war settlement. This helped
  make both the Korean and Vietnamese conflicts
  more likely.

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China Falls to Communists

• Mao Zedong communist
• Jiang Jieshi a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek nationalist
• Jiang asked US for support to hold off communist
  takeover of China
• US wanted to focus in Western Europe
• China Falls 1949
• Peoples Republic of China created
• Leader Mao Zedong
• Jiang and followers withdrew to Taiwan

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Cold War at Home

• HUAC created (1938)
• House Un-American Activities Committee
• Focused on communist infiltration of the movie
  industry
• Ie. Hollywood Ten, blacklists etc.

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Spy Cases

• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
• Communist Party immigrants
• Accused of passing atomic secrets to Soviets.
• Convicted of treason and executed in 1953

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Korea before the War
After World War II, Japanese-occupied Korea was
temporarily divided into northern and southern
parts.
The Soviet Union controlled Korea north of the
38th parallel. The United States would be in
charge of Korea south of the 38th parallel.
The Soviet Union established a communist
government in North Korea. North Korea called
itself the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea.
Its first leader was Kim Il Sung.
In South Korea, the United States promoted a
democratic system. The Republic of Korea was led
by president Syngman Rhee.
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Korean War1950-1953
Soviet Occupied North
Divided at the 38th Parallel
American Occupied South
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The Start of the Korean War

• North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950.
• United States was surprised by attack.
• American troops in South Korea since WW II had
  completed their withdrawal.
• The United States was not prepared to fight in
  Korea
• Truman US would take a stand against Communist in
  Korea.
• The United Nations Security Council voted
  unanimously in favor of the use of force in
  Korea.
• Douglass MacArthur (leader of UN forces in Korea)

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Korean War1950-1953
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
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The Shifting Map of Korea1950-1953
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Major Battle Assault on Inchon
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Effects of Korean War

• First time African Americans and whites served in
  the same military units.
• 54,000 killed with limited results.
• War concluded without nuclear weapons.
• Huge increase in military spending.
• ½ of federal budget went to military.
• U.S./Chinese relations poisoned by Korean War
• Known as the forgotten war

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Korean War Memorial
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McCarthyism
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McCarthys reckless claims

• Senator Joseph McCarthy (1950)
• list of 205 State Department employees that were
  members of the Communist party.

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McCarthys claim was never proven, but he
helped to increase a fear of communism in America
known as the Red Scare.
After thousands of Americans had their lives
ruined after being accused of being communists,
McCarthys popularity lessened as the nation
learned that he had no proof behind his
accusations.
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McCarthyism

• According to the cartoon, what does McCarthy
  really have, instead of proof?
• What is the message of the cartoon?

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Nuclear Arms Race

• U.S.
• vs.
• Soviets

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What Have We Done?
Only country in the world to carry out a nuclear
attack?

• United States, on Japan, WWII
• Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August
  9, 1945)

Fat Man and Little Boy
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The Arms Race Why?

• Territorial integrity and national sovereignty
• Ideological struggle
• Capitalism vs. communism
• Democracy vs. authoritarian rule
• Military prowess nukes as visible symbol of
  power
• USSR could not keep up economically
• MAD Mutually Assured Destruction
• Deterrence from picking fights

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US and Soviet Nuclear Strategic Forces, 1950-2000
US USSR/Russia Year Launchers Warheads L
aunchers Warheads 1950 462 400 22 84 1960 1,5
59 3,127 144 354 1970 2,100 5,239 1,985 2,21
6 1980 2,022 10,608 2,545 7,480 1990 1,903 12,4
77 2,500 10,271 2000 1,407 7,519 1,266 6,094 2
005 1,225 5,966 981 4,732
Source Arms Control Association, Fact Sheets
(2005)
1956 totals
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Characteristics of US and Soviet Nuclear
Strategic Forces

• Both US and USSR created nuclear triad forces
• Ground (ICBM)
• Intercontinental ballistic missiles
• Sea (SLBM)
• Submarine launched ballistic missiles
• Air (Bombers)

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Sputnik

• October 4, 1957
• Soviets launched Sputnik
• First artificial satellite, to orbit around the
  earth.
• 184 pounds
• 23 inches
• Less than a month later...
• Battery ran out and burned up re-entering earth
• Series of Sputniks attempts

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Sputnik

• November 3, 1957
• Sputnik II launched
• carried a dog named Laika
• Laika was the first living organism in space.
• Survived for only a few hours instead of the
  planned ten days because of overheating and
  stress.

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U-2 Incident

• American Spy plane
• Shot down over the Soviet Union
• Plane flew 15 miles high
• Gary Powers taken capture and imprisoned
• Traded to U.S. for a Soviet spy in exchange
• U.S. determined to spend considerable money and
  resources to catch up and surpass the Soviets in
  the arms race.
• Mistrust after this event will lead to the Cuban
  Missile Crisis in the 1960s

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The Cold War 1945-1960
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The Cold War 1960-1991