Ecosystem Management

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Ecosystem Management
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Hayden survey of Yellowstone 1870
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Yellowstone National Park Army Bike Patrol
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Ecosystem Classification
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Protected Areas in the U.S.
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Idaho Ecoregions birth of GAP analysis
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Idaho Western Juniper Shrubland
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Continental U.S. Biodiversity Hotspots
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Hotspots and Protected Areas in the U.S.
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Hotspots on Mt. Mulanje, Malawi
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Habitat Occupied and Reserves for Hawaiian Finches
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Basic Reserve Design

• Big reserve better than small
• One big better than several small in same habitat
• Closer is better than spread out
• Clustered is better than linear
• Having corridors is better than not
• Circular is better than other shapes

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SLOSS Debate

• Advantages to large reserves were
• 1) large reserves would be more likely to harbor
  species with large home ranges
• 2) large reserves would have larger populations
  and thus be more buffered from extinction

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SLOSS Debate

• Advantages to several small reserves were
• 1) rescue effect - if major disturbance or
  disease struck a reserve, you would only lose one
  reserve because others would be buffered and
  could provide source of new individuals to repair
  damaged reserve
• 2) each small reserve could be designed to hold
  certain unique habitats - thus small reserves
  might be better preserve habitat heterogeneity
  and biodiversity
• 3) each reserve will essentially have a random
  pool of species from larger set of possible
  inhabitants - thus small reserves that are
  slightly dispersed from each other are more
  likely to preserve all those different species

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The Fate of Island Reserves How big is big
enough?

• Thomas Lovejoy

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Minimum Critical Size Study Reserves
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Edge of Minimum Critical Size Study Reserves
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Species losses in Western North American National
Parks
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Grizzly Bear Ursus arctos horribilus
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Keys to Reserve Management

• Once a reserve is established, the job has only
  begun 4 major factors must be managed to
  maintain reserve populations
• 1. Human visitors
• 2. Natural disturbances
• 3. Water regimes
• 4. Exotic species and overabundant natives

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National Park Entrances - Yellowstone 1940s
Yosemite today
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Yosemite National Park Hikers on Half Dome
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Grand Canyon National Park Air Pollution
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1988 Yellowstone Fire
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Aerial Photo of Yellowstone Fire 1988
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Tamarisk or salt cedar
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Tamarisk study and removal
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Glen Canyon Dam Release
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