Psychology of Music MUSED 681

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Psychology of Music MUSED 681

• PERCEPTION COGNITION

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• Collect Research Project Initial Prospectus
• Open Discussion of assigned article
• Cook, N. (1997). Music and psychology A mutual
  regard?
• In J. Sloboda R. Aiello (Eds.), Musical
  Perceptions
• (pp. 66-95). New York Oxford University Press.

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Perception Cognition

• The process of learning involves both perception
  and cognition.
• Perception the process of sensing the
  environment
• Cognition the internal processes of
  assimilating, organizing, remembering, and
  recalling information
• (Radocy Boyle, 2003, pp. 4-5)

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Perception Cognition

• Dimensions of Auditory Perception
• Describe basics of hearing process
• Bone/Air Conduction
• Critical Band
• Chroma
• Doppler Effect

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Perception Cognition

• Dimensions of Auditory Perception
• Humans perceive all things relatively not
  absolutely
• How long is a quarter note?
• How loud is forte?
• What constitutes a bright tone?
• Sing a C

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Perception Cognition

• Dimensions of Auditory Perception
• Dynamics frequency and loudness do interact,
  but we hear relatively louder/softer sounds at
  any given pitch level.

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Perception Cognition

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Perception Cognition

• Hearing Impairment
• Presbycousis
• Noise-induced
• 28m Americans have hearing loss 10m is
  noise-induced
• OSHA Standards
• lt 5 of 6th graders have hearing loss gt60 of
  college frosh
• Ear buds significantly exacerbate the problem
• TTS (Temporary Threshold Shift)

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Perception Cognition

• Melody Apraxia (Tune deafness)
• Ear (middle and/or inner)
• Brain processing
• Poor short-term memory for tones
• Vocal motor impairment

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Perception Cognition

• Music Performance Applications (Parncutt
  McPherson)
• No significant correlation between pitch
  discrimination skill, pitch matching (vocal or
  instr) skill, and performance intonation
• Trained string players tend toward sharping
  tones of ascending tetrachord flatting
  descending tones
• Opposite for inexperience
• Listeners and performers prefer a stretched
  octave
• Performance Intonation
• Improves with experience?
• Is there improvement in pitch matching and
  discrimination, or do those who are weak at this
  quit (thereby raising the mean scores)?

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Perception Cognition

• Music Performance Applications (Parncutt
  McPherson)
• Best model for young singers to match unison
  (male falsetto), limited vibrato
• Best model for young instrumentalists to match
  same instrument
• Provide in-tune examples
• (keep piano in tune! use this to get budget for
  semi-annual tuning)
• No difference in performance intonation as a
  result of tuning to a target pitch ahead of time
  (individual wind player performing with recorded
  ensemble)
• Implications of Fletcher-Munson curves for
  performer

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The Physics of Music

• Room Acoustics
• Resonance reinforcement or interference/dampening
  of vibrations
• Resonator anything that can vibrate

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The Physics of Music

• Room Acoustics
• Reverberation Time time for sound to decay to
  one millionth (.000001) of original intensity
• Labels
• Live longer wet Dead short dry
• Function of room volume and construction
• Larger longer
• More absorbent shorter
• Ideal varies depending on musical medium
• Generally between 1.0 and 1.7 sec

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The Physics of Music

• Room Acoustics
• Interference/cancellation (mentioned earlier)
• Reflection/Absorption
• Soft vs. Hard surfaces
• Refraction (bending) hearing a band from a long
  distance while others closer (but different
  location/direction) hear nothing
• Diffraction passing through small openings or
  around corners
• Some waves will be changed, depending on size,
  etc.

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The Physics of Music

• Room Acoustics
• Sound distribution even is preferable
• No live and dead spots
• Even is encouraged by rough, irregular surfaces
  NON-symmetrical

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The Physics of Music

• Room Acoustics
• Precedence (Directional) Effect

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Perception Cognition

• COGNITION
• The internal processes of assimilating,
  organizing, remembering, and recalling
  information.

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Perception Cognition

• Learning Theory
• Behaviorism
• Founded in the empirically established processes
  of classical conditioning (Pavlov, 1927) and
  operant conditioning (Skinner, 1938).
• Association learning, a more general term,
  results as a person learns to associate a
  pleasing or displeasing result with a specific
  behavior immediate and consistent reinforcement
  progressively shapes a desired response.

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Perception Cognition

• Learning Theory
• Cognitivism
• A response to behaviorism people are not
  programmed animals that merely respond to
  environmental stimuli people are rational beings
  that require active participation in order to
  learn, and whose actions are a consequence of
  thinking.
• The mind is analogous to a computer
• Evolved out of the Gestalt psychology of the
  1930s, which postulated that learners engage in
  proactive problem solving and do not simply react
  to new experiences.

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Perception Cognition

• Learning Theory
• Cognitivism
• Learners actively construct knowledge on the
  basis of their reactions to sensory stimuli
  (Taetle Cutietta, 2002, p. 282) this proactive
  processing of information is unique for each
  individual.
• Personal perception becomes profoundly
  significant, particularly in a content area such
  as music, due to the potential that individual
  learners will perceive the same musical input
  quite differently.

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Perception Cognition

• Learning Theory
• Gagnés integration of behaviorism and
  cognitivism
• Chaining (Gagné, 1985) results when very simple
  stimulus-response connections are linked together
  in sequence, thereby creating more complex and
  higher-order associations.
• Pivot point of Encoding
• The process of encoding, and the subsequent
  entry of the encoded information into long-term
  memory, may be considered the central and
  critical event in an act of learning. This
  pivotal process of encoding may obviously be
  affected by events in the learners environment
  or events planned as part of instruction. A
  particular scheme for encoding may be directly
  communicated to the learner. As a second
  possibility, learners may be encouraged to
  provide their own individual encoding schemes.
  (p. 82).

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Perception Cognition

• Learning Theory
• Cognitive theory highlights the importance of
  considering all perceptual differences, including
  those related to maturation.
• Developmental Theory
• Piaget
• Sensorimotor, Pre-Operational, Concrete
  Operations,
• Formal Operations
• Bruner
• Enactive, Iconic, and Symbolic

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Next Week

• UPDATE
• No class next Thursday
• No eJournal due on Wednesday, Oct. ???
• Revised eJournal dates
• Sept. 19, 26 (full)
• October 3, 10, 17, 24, 31 (full)
• November 7 (full)
• Nov. 14 (response to Nov. 8 lecture only)
• Dec. 5 (summary of Nov. 29 presentations)
• Dec. 12 (summary of Dec. 6 presentations)
• Project Draft 1

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Next Week

• Reading assignments
• Chs. 7 9
• Sound Connections Chs. 2 3 (Course Packet)
• eJournal due Wednesday 8 AM
• Continue work on Research Project Draft 1

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• SAFE TRAVELS