Chapter 14 Notes

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Chapter 14 Notes

• The Renaissance and Reformation
• (1300-1650)

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Section 1

• The Renaissance in Italy

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Renaissance

• New Age in Western Europe called Renaissance,
  meaning rebirth began in 1300s and peaked in
  the 1500s
• Marked by a new interest in culture on ancient
  Rome
• Wealthy and powerful merchant class helped to
  shape the Italian Renaissance

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Medici Family

• 1400s- Medici family organized a successful
  banking system they ranked among the richest
  merchants
• Ruled the city of Florence
• Lorenzo a wealthy merchant and patron of the
  arts
• Patron- person who provides financial support

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MORE NOTES!

• Renaissance produced new attitudes toward culture
  and learning
• Thinkers emphasized individual achievement
• Spirit of Adventure- supported a wide-ranging
  curiosity that led people to explore New Worlds
  (example Christopher Columbus)

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Humanism

• An intellectual movement known as
  humanism-focused on worldly subjects rather than
  on religious issues
• Humanists believed that education should
  stimulate creativity
• Francesco Petrarch Humanist and author of
  sonnets to Laura- love poems inspired by a
  woman he knew only from a distance

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Writers, Painters, and Architects

• Writers wrote self-help books
• Painters used perspective- artistic technique
  that creates a three-dimensional appearance
• Architects adopted columns, domes, and arches

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Three Geniuses

• Leonardo Italian painter and inventor
• Dissected corpses to learn how the human body
  worked
• Mona Lisa and the Last Supper
• Studied botany, anatomy, architecture
• Michelangelo sculptor, engineer, painter,
  architect, and poet
• Pieta and the statue of David
• Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
• Raphael best known for paintings of the Madonna,
  the biblical mother of Jesus

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Section 2

• Renaissance moves North

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Artists of Northern Renaissance

• Northern Renaissance spread to Spain, France,
  Germany, and England
• Albrecht Durer painter who brought the Italian
  Renaissance to Germany
• Jan and Hubert van Eyck used oil paint to
  produce strong colors

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Northern Humanists

• Desiderius Erasmus produced a new Greek edition
  of the New Testament. He believed an
  individuals chief duties were to be open-minded
  and of good will toward others.
• Thomas More pressed for social reform

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Writers of the Northern Renaissance

• Rabelais French Humanists
• Monk, physician, Greek scholar, and author
• Shakespeare English poet
• Wrote 37 plays between 1590 and 1613
• More than 1700 words appeared for the first time
  in his works (example bedroom, lonely, gloomy,
  heartsick, hurry)

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Printing Revolution

• 1456- Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible using
  the first printing press and printing inks
• Impact
• Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce
• More people learned to read
• Caused a spread of new ideas

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Section 3

• Protestant Reformation

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Protestant Reformation

• Christians accused the clergy of corruption and
  worldliness
• 1500s- calls for reform shattered Christian unity
• Protestants, those who protested the papal
  authority and joined the movement for reform

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Abuses in the church

• Popes competed with Italian princes for political
  power
• Some clergy promoted the sale of indulgences- a
  lessening of punishment for sins
• In Middle Ages, the church had granted
  indulgences only for good deeds, such as going on
  a crusade. By late 1400s, however, indulgences
  could also be obtained in exchange for money
  gifts to the church

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Teachings of Martin Luther

• 1517-Luther triggered a revolt against the
  church.
• German monk and professor of theology
• 95 Thesis argument against indulgences. He used
  Christians to reject the authority in Rome.
• Taught that Salvation is achieved through faith
  alone, The Bible is the sole source of religious
  truth, and all Christians have equal access to
  God through faith and the Bible

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Lutheranism

• Clergy saw Luthers reforms as the answer to
  church corruption
• Germans were tired of German money going to
  support churches and clergy in Italy
• Peace of Augsburg signed in 1555, allowed each
  prince to decide which religion, Catholic or
  Lutheran, would be followed in his lands

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John Calvin

• Religious reformer who believed in
  predestination- the idea that God had long ago
  determined who would gain salvation
• Followed most of the teachings of Martin Luther.
• Theocracy- a govt. run by Church leaders.
• Calvinists stressed hard work, discipline,
  thrift, honesty, and morality.
• Challenged the Roman Catholic Church and caused
  bloody wars of religion

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Section 4

• Reformation Ideas Spread

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Radical Reformers

• Catholic monarchs and the Catholic Church fought
  back against the Protestant challenge.
• Radical Group Anabaptists, rejected infant
  baptism.
• Some wanted to abolish private property
• Most called for religious tolerance and
  separation of Church and state

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England and the church

• Henry VIII King who established the church of
  England
• In 1528,he asked the pope to annul, or cancel,
  his marriage
• The Pope wouldnt, so he took the Church from the
  Popes control and created the Church of England.
• Protestant King Edward VI died and his sister,
  Mary Tudor became Queen.
• She wanted to restore Catholicism to England, so
  she had hundreds of English Protestants burned at
  the stake.

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The Catholic Reformation

• Pope Paul III set out to revive the moral
  authority of the church.
• Called the Council of Trent to establish the
  direction that reform should take
• Recognized the Jesuits, to combat heresy and
  spread the Catholic faith.

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Effects of the Protestant Reformation

• Weakening of the Holy Roman Empire
• Luther expelled the Jews
• Religious wars in Europe
• Jewish migration to Eastern Europe
• Increased anti-Semitism

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Widespread Persecution

• Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants
  killed Catholics
• Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of
  people, mostly women, died as victims of witch
  hunts
• In some places, Jews were forced to live in
  ghettos, or separate quarters of the city.

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Section 5

• The Scientific Revolution

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Changing views of the Universe

• Until the Mid-1500s, Europeans accepted the
  theory that the Earth was the center of the
  universe
• Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric, or
  sun-centered, model of the universe
• Tycho Brahe provided evidence to support
  Copernicus theory
• Johannes Keppler proposed that each planet moved
  around the sun in an oval-shaped orbit called the
  ellipse
• Galileo Galilei condemned by the church because
  his ideas challenged the Christian teachings

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Scientific Model

• 1. State the problem
• 2. Gather information on the problem
• 3. Form a hypothesis
• 4. Experiment to test the hypothesis
• 5. Record and analyze data
• 6. State a conclusion
• 7. Repeat the steps

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Scientific Advances

• Isaac Newton proposed the law of gravity- a
  single force keeps the planets moving in their
  orbits around the sun.
• Robert Boyle differentiated elements from
  compounds
• William Harvey described the circulation of
  blood for the first time
• Ambroise Pare developed an ointment for
  preventing infection
• Leeuswenhoek perfected the microscope and was
  the first human to see cells and microorganisms.