English 10

1
English 10
Grammar Usage Review
North Penn High School
Lansdale, Pennsylvania
Mr. Scott Swindells
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English 10
Table of Contents
Grammar Usage Review
(click a topic to learn more)
comparisons
parallel structure
gerund phrase
in/direct objects
infinitive phrase
homonyms
symbol, tone irony
grammar websites
adverbs of manner
parts of speech
citing quotations
consistent tense
participial phrases
titles of works
prepositional phrases
capitalization
the five-paragraph essay
subject/verb agreement
their, they're, there
embedding the heuristic
using semi-colons
"who" vs. "whom"
sentence variety
using commas
run-on sentences
appositive phrases
using the hyphen
sentence fragments
clauses
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parts of speech
ADVERB
A word that describes or modifies a verb.
Example Quickly in the phrase he ran
quickly. To learn about adverbs of manner, click
here.
NOUN
The part of speech that is used to name a person,
place, thing, quality, or action and can function
as the subject or object of a verb, the object of
a preposition, or an appositive.
The part of speech that modifies a noun or other
substantive by limiting, qualifying, or
specifying and distinguished in English
morphologically by one of several suffixes, such
as -able, -ous, -er, and -est, or syntactically
by position directly preceding a noun or nominal
phrase.
adjective
Verb
The part of speech that expresses existence,
action, or occurrence in most languages.
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USE http//www.bartleby.com/59/7/index.html
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participle phrases
A participle is an adjective formed from a verb,
when one changes a verb in order to make it
describe.
Adding -ing to a verb makes a present
participle. A past participle is formed
differently, since not all verbs form the past
tense regularly.
"sinking" is a present participle from the verb
"sink"
A participle phrase usually begins with a
participle
the verb "run" can become "running," the verb
"eat" can become "eating"
"sunken" is the past participle of "sink"
We saw Mr. Swindells jumping into the lake. Here
the participle phrase jumping into the lake"
acts as an adjective describing the proper noun
Mr. Swindells."
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(When a participle phrase is used to begin a
sentence, it should be set off by a comma.)
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Take a test on Prepositions
prepositional phrases

A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition
click here for a list of prepositions
and usually ends with a noun or pronoun (called
the object of the preposition).
A prepositional phrase can act like an
adjective when it modifies a noun or pronoun...
...but it can also act as an adverb when it
modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb.
I tried on every dress in the store.
You can come to my house.
Noun being modified
Prepositional phrase
Prepositional phrase
Verb phrase Being modified
A quick note
In the sentence, Mr. Swindells
hit the ball over the fence, the prepositional
phrase over the fence modifies the verb hit,
because the phrase tells us more about the verb
(it explains the distance of the hit). Dont be
confused over the fence does not modify the
noun ball, because unless the ball was corked
going over the fence has nothing to do with
the ball. Its the hit that sends it out of
the yard!
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subject/verb agreement
Click here
for Webster's Subject-Verb Agreement Powerpoint!
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7
using semi-colons
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8
using commas
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9
using the hyphen
Two words brought together as a compound may be
written separately, as one word, or connected by
hyphens. For example, three modern dictionaries
all have the same listings for the following
compounds hair stylist hairsplitter hair-raiser
Another modern dictionary, however, lists
hairstylist, not hair stylist. Compounding is
obviously in a state of flux, and authorities do
not always agree in all cases, but the uses of
the hyphen offered here are generally agreed
upon.
a one-way streetchocolate-covered
peanutswell-known author
1. Use a hyphen to join two or more words
However, when compound modifiers come after a
noun, they are not hyphenated The peanuts were
chocolate covered. The author was well known.

2. Use a hyphen with compound numbers
forty-six sixty-three Our much-loved
teacher was sixty-three years old.
3. Use a hyphen to avoid confusion or an awkward
combination of letters
re-sign a petition (vs. resign from a job)
4. Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex- (meaning
former), self-, all- with the suffix -elect
between a prefix and a capitalized word and
with figures or letters
ex-husband self-assured mid-September
all-inclusive mayor-elect anti-American
T-shirt pre-Civil War mid-1980s
5. Use a hyphen to divide words at the end of a
line if necessary
(and make the break only between syllables)
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pref-er-ence sell-ing in-di-vid-u-al-is
t Slide 2For line breaks, divide already
hyphenated words only at the hyphen
mass-produced
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adverbs of manner
Adverb, verb
Verb, adverb,
We use adverbs of manner to tell us how something
happened. They describe the way or style of doing
something You can dance well. She sang that
song badly. We usually put them at the end of
the sentence, though sometimes they come before
the main verb That book was written badly. That
book was badly written. Many of these adverbs
end in -ly awkwardly, badly, coldly,
desperately... Common irregular adverbs of
manner include high, late, near, well
What is an adverb? Click here to learn about
parts of speech!
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Information adapted from http//www.teacher-train
ing.net/companion/gg/adverbs/advmanner.htm
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Identifying the titles of works
Scenes
Movies
Songs
Articles
Albums
Periodicals
No punctuation
Names of bands, people, and places. Titles of
chapters. The title as it appears before ones
own work.
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CAPITALIZATION RULES 1) Capitalize the pronoun I.
2) Capitalize the first letter of the first word
of each sentence.
3) Capitalize the first letter of names of
people, organizations, and      places.
4) Capitalize the first letter of adjectives that
are made from the      names of people and
places.
5) Capitalize initials
6) Capitalize the first letter of directions only
when they are used      to designate actual
places, not when they point in a direction.
7) Capitalize the first letter of the names of
months and      the days of the week.
capitalization
What to capitalize
The pronoun "I"
The names of languages, races, nationalities and
religions
The first letter of the first word of each
sentence
Historical events and documents
The first letter of names of places, persons or
organizations
The first letter of adjectives made from the
names of persons or places
Initials
acronyms and initialisms
The first letter of important words in the title
of a work
The first letter of directions only when they are
used to indicate the names of places
The official title of a person, when used with
his or her name
Words used as names or parts of names
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http//www.angelfire.com/ks/teachme/capitalization
.htm
10) Capitalize the first letter of important
words in a title of a       book, magazine,
story, essay, etc.
11) Capitalize historical events and documents.
12) Capitalize the name of languages, races,
nationalities, and       religions.
13) Capitalize acronyms. (An acronym is a word
formed by the       first, or first few, letters
of words in a long name of an      
organization.)
14) Capitalize initialisms. (An initialism is
similar to acronym, but       a word is not
formed from the letters.)
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When to use "their," "they're," and "there"
If they are going they R-E- eally are going,
so If theyre there you know theyre not here,
yo! It really doesnt matter, just lettin ya
know If theyre there with their, E-I E-I Uh
Oh!
Mnemonic Device
Theyre contraction for they are Think They
R E eally (say it like Jim Carrey) must go!
There indicator of location Think HERE or
THERE?
click here for other homynyms
Their plural possessive Think Are all
farmers in dells so possessive of their E-Is?
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"who" vs. "whom"
Whom is used as an object.
Who is used as a subject.
Following these steps will help you to
decide which form to use. a. Isolate the clause
which contains who or whom.     ex The man
(who, whom) she thought was perfect jilted
her.                                              
    (who, whom) was perfect b. Substitute the
word he for who and him for whom.                 
                     he was perfect    or     him
was perfect c. Since he was perfect makes
sense, you would use who. d. Sometimes you
will have to rearrange the clause into normal
word order.
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For "they" vs. "he or she," click here.
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run-on sentences
Run-on sentences contain multiple phrases that
could each function on its own as a complete
sentence. Run-ons often include more that one
conjunction, such as multiple uses of like,
and," or but. To correct, change the
word-order or punctuation.
What are some different ways of correcting this
run-on?
I work at Foulkeways and it is a pretty good
place to work, because the people who work there
are nice, all except for Lori she is mean
One solution
I work at Foulkeways. It is a pretty good place
to work because the people who work there are
nice, except for Lori. She is mean!
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sentence fragments
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How to quote cite references
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18
keeping tense consistent
Hey, you! Yeah, Im talking to you. Dont start
writing in the past tense in the middle of a
random paragraph when youve written the whole
story in present tense up to that point!
Look
for unintentional shifts in tense when
proofreading.
Careful proof-reading
will help students catch switches in tense in
their writing.
We had been walking all day when we finally see
the gate.
Come on! Catch this when proof-reading!
Correct the mistakes in verb tense from the
paragraphs at this website http//teachers.net/le
ssons/posts/2893.html
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the five-paragraph essay
Introductory Paragraph
Tell readers what you are about to do.
3 Body Paragraphs
Support your topic sentence with embedded details!
Concluding Paragraph
Tell readers what you just did. Summarize.
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embedding the heuristic
embedding is
Including quotes, facts, or information from
another source into your own writing to help
defend your thesis.
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sentence variety
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appositive phrases
An appositive is simply a noun or pronoun that
often comes directly after another word in a
sentence, putting that word in better context by
explaining it or by giving more information about
it
1. John, the naughty boy, got a lump of coal in
his stocking. 2.  The painting Starry Night is by
artist Vincent Van Gogh 3.  Tom, my friend's
brother, won the lottery. 4.  The car, a
Corvette, rumbled down the road. 5.  Neil, the
drummer for a successful rock band, performed at
the stadium.
A very efficient way of giving life and vitality
to writing is to use appositives and appositive
phrases.
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all kinds of clauses
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homonyms
They're are also homonyms check there meaning
their too. http//192.211.16.13/curricular/pas
s2000/writingtips.htm
Look over
They're
all winners
And this is
there
their
prize!
Click here for a list of homonyms!
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prepositions
by
amid
up
after
in
until
with
except
of
aboard
behind
over
about
onto
regarding
as
during
among
from
despite
since
against
between
aside from
throughout
during
down
next to
to
but
off
below
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opposite
underneath
click here for prep phrases!
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symbol, tone irony
Something that represents sonething else,
especially concrete representation of moral or
intellectual quality.
symbol
A manner of speaking or writing that shows a
certain attitude on the part of the speaker or
writer, consisting in choice of words, phrasing,
etc.
tone
A mode of speech in which the meaning is the
opposite of that actually expressed.
irony
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"THEY" vs. "HE" or "SHE"
They are up the creek without a paddle
He is very strict
She is tired.
"They" is a plural noun!
DO NOT
use "they" when writing or speaking about one
person.
If you want to write or speak about one person
without giving away his or her gender
One
one's
should never go to bed angry at
spouse.
(not their spouse)
his or her
Everyone is entitled to
opinion.
(not their opinion)
he or she
can go too.
If you have a boyfriend or girlfriend,
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(not they can go too)
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Degrees of Comparison
Comparative
Superlative
Postitive
Largest
Larger
Large
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Parallel Structure
Parallel Structure
Using the same pattern of words to show that two
or more ideas have the same level of importance.
example
go fishing.
ing
ing
ing
I enjoy eat ice cream, tak baths, and
when I go fishing.
Click the square to make the sentence parallel!
Dont take my word for it to check out Purdue
Universitys OWL writing site for more on
parallel structure, click here.
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Some useful grammar websites...
http//www.edufind.com/english/grammar/toc.cfm
www.dictionary.com
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