Quoting,%20Paraphrasing,%20and%20Summarizing

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Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

• Analytical and Rhetorical Writing
• Matt Barton

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Sources and Ethos

• Part of the college experience is learning how to
  discover information on your own.
• Your research papers demonstrate your ability to
  find, evaluate, and incorporate information into
  your own thoughts and feelings on an issue.
• Weve discussed finding and evaluating sources.
  Now its time to talk about incorporating them
  into your papers.

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Three Ways to Integrate Sources

• Direct Quotation
• Paraphrasing
• Summarizing

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Direct Quotations

• Copy and paste something directly into your
  document.
• Enclose the entire quotation between quotation
  marks
• Barton writes, Good writers know when to quote
  and when to paraphrase (234).

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Citing Direct Quotations

• MLA Citation Method requires that citations
  include the author and the page number when you
  cite.
• Include the name in the parentheses if it isnt
  obvious to the reader
• Barton writes, Always include the page number
  (82).
• One scholar writes, Always include the page
  number (Barton 82).

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Direct Quotations and Ellipses

• Do not put ellipses () at the beginning or end
  of a quotation readers realize youre just
  quoting part of the source
• Barton writes, this looks quite silly (82).
• Do put ellipses if you leave out the middle of a
  quotation
• Barton writes, Ellipses are easy to useJust
  learn a few simple rules (205).
• Some writers put the in brackets (check the
  journals style manual)
• Barton writes, Ellipses are easy to use if
  you just learn a few simple rules (205).

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Stand Alone Quotations Bad

• Avoid stand alone quotations
• Quoting sources can sometimes be difficult. Even
  graduate students may struggle to cite sources
  correctly (Barton 42). However, now we
• Lets fix the problem
• Quoting sources can sometimes be difficult.
  According to Barton, Even graduate students may
  struggle to cite sources correctly (42).
  However, now we

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• Use the ICE method
• Introduce
• Cite
• Explain

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ICE - Introduce

• Introduce your quotations appropriately. Is the
  audience familiar with the author you mention?
• Matt Barton, a professor of English at St. Cloud
  State University, writes that even graduate
  students may struggle to cite sources correctly
  (52).
• Plato argues in the Republic that a just person
  is happy (60).

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ICE- Cite

• Next, cite the source carefully, always including
  the page number if youre using MLA
• Barton writes, Even graduate students may
  struggle to cite sources correctly (52).
• According to one English professor at St. Cloud
  State, Even graduate students may struggle to
  cite sources correctly (Barton 52).

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ICE - Explain

• Use quotations to support your points, not make
  them.
• According to one English professor at St. Cloud
  State, Even graduate students may struggle to
  cite sources correctly (Barton 52). If even
  graduate students are having problems citing
  sources, professors are really expecting too much
  from their undergraduate students.

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When to Quote Directly

• Only quote directly when the way a sentence or
  passage is worded is significant
• According to Barton, Dont quote me on this, but
  a student writer is better off paraphrasing or
  summarizing than quoting directly.
• Dont quote plain passages directly
• Jordon writes, There were five chemists present
  during the experiment.

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Quoting Directly

• If the quotation is longer than three lines, it
  must be set apart in a block quote (indented from
  the rest of the text).
• Avoid overusing block quotes.

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One Minute Prompt 1

• Using the ICE Method, write a sentence or two
  based on this quotation by Matt Barton, page 32
• Students do not plagiarize on purpose. They
  plagiarize because their writing often has no
  purpose.

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Paraphrasing

• Paraphrase passages or material that wouldnt be
  useful to quote directly.
• Original Passage
• Simmons writes, If the nation is to obtain the
  maximum benefit from its investments in
  information technology, a labor pool capable of
  using it appropriately is necessary (52).
• Paraphrase
• According to Simmons, the U.S. wont benefit from
  revolutionary new technologies unless the labor
  force is better trained (52).

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Paraphrasing Guidelines

• Do not alter the authors intention
• Do not eliminate any significant background
  information
• Do not copy the original wording too closely.
• Dont just change a few words or shuffle things
  around read the passage several times and
  completely rewrite it.

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Faulty Paraphrase

• Original Passage
• The full extent of the corporate crime wave is
  hidden. Although the federal government tracks
  street crime month by month, city by city through
  the FBIs Uniform Crime Reports, it does not
  track corporate crime. So the government can tell
  the public whether burglary is up or down in Los
  Angeles for any given month, but it cannot say
  the same about insider trading or illegal
  polluting.
• Faulty Paraphrase
• In Crime in the Suites Mokhiher has noted that
  the full extent of the corporate crime wave is
  hidden. The federal government does not track
  corporate crime, yet it does track street crime
  month by month, city by city through the FBIs
  Uniform Crime Reports. So the government can tell
  the public whether burglary is up or down in San
  Francisco for any given month, but it cannot say
  the same about insider trading or illegal
  polluting.

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Effective Paraphrase

• Original passage
• The full extent of the corporate crime wave is
  hidden. Although the federal government tracks
  street crime month by month, city by city through
  the FBIs Uniform Crime Reports, it does not
  track corporate crime. So the government can tell
  the public whether burglary is up or down in Los
  Angeles for any given month, but it cannot say
  the same about insider trading or illegal
  polluting.
• Effective passage
• In Crime in the Suites, Mokhiber has noted that
  we lack information about the prevalence of
  corporate crime. While the FBI monitors crime
  statistics for the federal government on a
  monthly basis, it fails to do so for corporate
  crime. Consequently, we may know that violent
  crime is up by 10 percent in Manhattan, but we
  cant be sure that less insider trading is
  occurring this year on Wall Street (32).  

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Paraphrases

• Original
• Instead of searching for a job, some college
  graduates go into business for themselves after
  graduation, securing a loan for a franchise
  restaurant or store.
• Paraphrase (for casual audience)
• Although you could enter the job market after
  getting your degree, you might also consider
  running your own McDonalds or Payless shoe
  store.

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One Minute Prompt 2

• Paraphrase the following sentences
• In order to become a medical doctor, one must
  earn an undergraduate degree from a college or
  university and then attend a medical school and
  complete the coursework. An internship is also
  involved. All of this takes time and hard work.

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Summarizing

• Usually, authors will simply want to summarize
  passages instead of quoting them directly or
  paraphrasing them.
• Summaries allow you to sort through the
  information in the secondary source and report
  only what you consider to be essential.
• A summary is therefore much shorter than the
  original, whereas a paraphrase may be the same
  length. In addition, you do not need to cite
  particular pages when summarizing a source.

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Summaries How to?

• Original
• Original passage The full extent of the
  corporate crime wave is hidden. Although the
  federal government tracks street crime month by
  month, city by city through the FBIs Uniform
  Crime Reports, it does not track corporate crime.
  So the government can tell the public whether
  burglary is up or down in Los Angeles for any
  given month, but it cannot say the same about
  insider trading or illegal polluting.
• Summary
• In Crime in the Suites, Mokhiber has noted that
  we are unsure about the prevalence of corporate
  crime because the federal government does not
  compile crime statistics for white-collar crime.

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Summarizing Tips

• You dont always have to summarize the entire
  book! Just summarize the parts you think are
  pertinent to your project.
• Platos Phaedrus is a long and winding discourse,
  but I am concerned only with the strange story at
  the end concerning the invention of writing. In
  this story, Plato gives four reasons why writing
  is harmful. Firstly

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Writing Prompt 3

• Summarize the following passage
• Students seeking graduate degrees are often faced
  with severe economic and financial hardships.
  Graduate school is often a more expensive
  undertaking than prospective students realize.
  Some graduates teach in exchange for a reduced
  tuition, but others are forced to work and attend
  school at night. Married graduate students often
  find themselves estranged from their spouses, and
  others fall victim to despair. However, earning a
  graduate degree is a grand achievement that is
  well worth the effort.

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Index Cards Good

• Stay organized.
• Use index cards. On one set, write down all the
  bibliographic info for each book you use and an
  easily remembered code. On the other, write down
  individual quotations you intend to use and the
  source code.

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Refworks Very Good

• Index cards work for some people, but you may
  want an electronic solution.
• Q. What is RefWorks?
• A. RefWorks is web-based bibliographic software
  that makes it easy to
• Organize your research
• Include citations while you write your paper
• Build a bibliography in a variety of formats
• Import references from many data sources
• Create bibliographies in different document
  formats (Word, RTF, HTML, etc.)
• Click here for Refworks tutorials!