The Early Industrial Revolution Ch' 24

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The Early Industrial RevolutionCh. 24

• Two of the great questions of history
• - What caused the industrial revolution?
• - Why did it begin in England in the late
  eighteenth century?

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• Factors involved
• 1) Population growth
• 2) an Agricultural Revolution
• 3) the Expansion of Trade
• 4) an Openness to Innovation

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• 1) Population growth
• - rose in the 18th century
• - slowly at first
• - faster in after 1780
• - even faster in the early 19th century

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• 1) Population growth
• - The fastest growth took place in England
  and Wales
• - 1688 5.5 million
• - 1851 18 million
• - Unprecedented
• - Why? How?

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• 1) Population growth
• - Why? How?
• a) More reliable food supply
• b) More widespread resistance to disease
• - Note
• - Industrialization did not cause
  population growth
• - The population boom alone did not cause
  industrialization.
• - Example China, Eastern and Southern
  Europe

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• 1) Population growth
• - More reliable food supply and job
  opportunities led people to marry at an
  earlier age and have more children.
• - Remember this had been a major
• difference in Western Europe earlier.

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• 1) Population growth
• - Negatives
• - Some argued that the population boom
  eventually outstripped the food supply and
  led to falling wages.
• - Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo argued
  that workers poverty was a result of natural
  law.
• - Malthus and Ricardo said that the only
  way to avoid mass famine was to delay
  marriage and having children.

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• 2) An Agricultural Revolution
• - the acceptance and widespread use of
  potatoes and corn from the Americas
• - Turnips, legumes, and clover which did not
  deplete the soil was grown and fed to
  cattle.
• - The Enclosure Movement
• - rich landowners took over commons that
  had once been open to all. Took better care
  of land but turned tenants and sharecroppers
  into landless laborers. Many moved to the
  cities.

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• 3) the Expansion of Trade
• - roads improved, production systems
  streamlined specialization.
• - an increasing population, increased trade
  as markets developed.
• -A growing middle class could afford sugar,
  tea, cotton textiles, iron hardware, pottery
  etc.

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• 4) Openness to Innovation
• - in the late 18th century, technology and
  innovation fascinated people throughout
  Europe and eastern North America.
• - Benjamin Franklin and many others
• - experimented with electricity
• - Montgolfier brothers hot air balloon
• - Claude Chappe first telegraph
• - French officers and American Eli Whitney
  proposed making guns with interchangable
  parts.

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• The Technological Revolution
• - Mass Production
• - Josiah Wedgewood pottery
• - division of labor
• - subdivided work into highly
  specialized, repetitive tasks
• - used molds created identical plates
  that could be stacked
• - invested in infrastructure invested
  in toll roads and canals so clay could be
  shipped economically to his factories

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• The Technological Revolution
• - Mass Production
• - Josiah Wedgewood pottery
• -division of labor, strict discipline, and
  new machinery lower costs and higher
  quality
• - Lunar Society
• - creative thinkers interested in
  exchanging ideas and discoveries.

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• Mechanization -
• - mechanization the use of machines to do
  work previously done by hand.
• - new inventions did not automatically mean
  success
• - to become successful, inventors needed to
  link up with entrepreneuers or become
  successful business men themselves.

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• Mechanization The Cotton Industry
• - series of inventions
• 1) The Spinning Jenny - 1764
• 2) Water Frame Cotton Mill used water
  power - 1769
• - Richard Arkwright
• - produced thread strong enough to be used
  without linen
• 3) Mule 1785
• - produced thread both strong and fine
• - Samuel Crompton
• - thread now finer, more even thread than any
  human could produce at a lower cost.
• 4) Power Loom introduced in 1784 but not
  perfected until 1815

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• Mechanization The Cotton Industry
• - advantages of mechanization
• 1) productivity for the manufacturer
• 2) price for the consumer
• - In India, 500 hours to spin a pound of
  cotton.
• - Mule of 1790, took 3 person-hours.
• - By 1830, only 80 minutes.

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• Mechanization The Cotton Industry
• - advantages of mechanization
• 1) productivity for the manufacturer
• 2) price for the consumer
• - Power looms
• - 2,400 in 1813
• - 500,000 in 1850
• - Price of cloth fell by 90 from 1782 to 1812
  and kept dropping

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• Mechanization The Cotton Industry
• - advantages of mechanization
• 1) productivity for the manufacturer
• 2) price for the consumer
• - In 1790, most of Britains cotton came from
  India.
• - By 1850, the southern United States was
  producing millions of tons of cotton a year,
  5/6th of the worlds total.

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• The Iron Industry
• - transformed during the Industrial Rev.
• - 1709 - Major Breakthrough
• - Coke (coal with impurities cooked out)
  could be used instead of Charcoal.
• - Britains iron production
• - 1740 17,000 tons
• - 1844 3 million tons as much as the
  rest of the world put together.
• - 1779 first iron bridge
• - 1851 Crystal Palace
• - Idea of interchangable parts originated
  during 18th century. By mid-19th century was
  being applied to many areas of
  manufacturing.

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• The Steam Engine
• - James Watt patented Steam Engine in 1769.
• - worked with iron manufacturer Matthew
  Boulton to turn idea into commercial
  products.
• - 1788 steam engines on boats
• - 1825 The Rocket steam powered
  locomotive.
• - In late 1830s, passenger traffic soared
  millions got in the habit of traveling.
• - In 1840s, 6,000 miles of railroad track laid
  in U.S.
• - In 1850s, 21,000 miles of track laid.
• - New York to Chicago once took three weeks by
  boat and on horseback could be done in 48
  hours.

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• Communication over wires

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• The Impact of the Industrial Revolution
• New Industrial Cities
• Towns grew at amazing rates
• Positives and Negatives
• Rural Environments
• Deforestation, slash and burn
• Working Conditions
• The clock, industrial accidents common, outside
  the home, women paid less, mothers forced to make
  tough choices
• Changes in Society
• The rich poor gap, wages fluctuated wildly,
  business cycles, potato famine in Ireland

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• The Impact of the Industrial Revolution
• New Industrial Cities
• Towns grew at amazing rates
• Positives and Negatives
• Rural Environments
• Deforestation, slash and burn
• Working Conditions
• The clock, industrial accidents common, outside
  the home, women paid less, mothers forced to make
  tough choices
• Changes in Society
• The rich poor gap, wages fluctuated wildly,
  business cycles, potato famine in Ireland
• Middle class women removed from contact with the
  business world

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• Ideological and Political Responses to
  Industrialization
• Laissez Faire (let them do)
• 2) Positivism and Utopian Socialists
• 3) Protests and Reforms

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The Early Industrial Revolution Ch. 24

• Industrialization and the Nonindustrial World
• Russia
• No middle class government did not want a middle
  class. So any industrialization came from the
  government, not entrereneuers as elsewhere in
  Europe.
• Lack of development seen in 1854 war vs. France
  and Britain.
• Egypt
• Under Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) attempted to build
  up economy and military
• Some early success but Britain squelched it by
  enforcing free trade. Egypts fledgling industries
  could not compete with the cheap British
  products.
• Egypt became very dependent on Britain
• India
• Became an exporter of raw materials to Britain
  and an importer of British industrial goods.
• Some Indian industrialization but since the
  government in British hands, it moved very
  slowly.