The Flu Shot

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The Flu Shot
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Research Questions

• In young, healthy health care workers, such as
  nursing students, does the influenza vaccine
  reduce influenza infection, respiratory illness,
  and absenteeism?
• Nursing schools and hospitals mandate that
  student nurses must obtain influenza
  vaccinations. Is it ethical that in the event of
  an outbreak, if students are not vaccinated, they
  cannot complete their clinical hours, and can
  fail their practicum?
• Do nursing students agree that the influenza
  vaccine can lead to long-term chronic diseases
  and illnesses such as autism and Alzheimers?

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Hypotheses

• The majority of nursing students will change
  their viewpoints about receiving the influenza
  vaccine once they learn about the possible
  long-term adverse outcomes.
• Nursing students are not given a fair choice in
  the matter of receiving the influenza vaccine.
  If they go against Nipissing Universitys
  policies and choose not to receive the flu
  vaccine they will be penalized in the event of an
  influenza outbreak.

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Objectives

• The objective of this study is to discover
  whether or not nursing students receive complete
  informed consent regarding the long-term effects
  and consequences of receiving the flu vaccine.
• The purpose of this study is to understand gaps
  and inconsistencies within the literature
  regarding the efficacy of the flu vaccine.
• The aim of this study is to determine if the flu
  vaccine reduces the occurrence of respiratory
  illness and influenza in nursing students.

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Research Approach and Design

• Quantitative
• Typical descriptive design using survey research
  and literature review

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Variables

• Independent variable the information that
  students are aware of regarding the flu vaccine
• Dependent variable the students choice to
  receive the flu vaccine

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Methods

• Literature review to analyze current
  information
• A selective sample of participants will be chosen
  - all of the Bachelor of Science in the nursing
  students at Nipissing University
• Ethical principles will be adhered to while
  completing the research
• A questionnaire will be distributed
• An incentive will be provided for participation -
  2 Tim Hortons gift certificate

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Statistical Analysis

• Through statistical analysis the data will be
  arranged into graphs and charts. Descriptive
  analysis will be completed using standard
  parametric methods and Chi-squared correlations
  coefficients for the two variables

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Positive Aspects

• The influenza vaccination has been shown to
  reduce morbidity, as well as the use of
  antibiotics.
• It also has reduced absenteeism in healthy adults
  in the workplace
• It decreases serologically confirmed influenza
  hospitalization for pneumonia, influenza, and
  mortality in the elderly

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Negative Aspects

• The short and long term side effects of the
  influenza vaccine are as follows fever, chills,
  headache, cough, fatigue, redness, warmth or
  swelling where the needle was injected
• More sever reactions that can occur are
  difficultly breathing, swelling of the face or
  mouth, hives or rashes, Gulliane-Barr Syndrome,
  numbness, meningitis, encephalitis,
  oculo-respiratory syndrome. The recipient can
  also be immunocomprised and develop Alzheimers
  or autism.

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Components

• MSG
• Formaldehyde
• Aluminum
• Mercury
• Egg protein
• Yeast protein
• Antibiotics
• Additives
• Ethylene
• Glygol antifreeze
• Phenyl
• Dye -disinfectant
• Pathogen specific immunogens flu components
• H3N2 panama, H1N1 New Caledonia, Influenza B Hong
  Kong

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Ethical Principles

• Nurses must adhere to the ethical principles of
  non-maleficence, beneficence, justice, and
  respect for autonomy.
• These principles should be considered in regards
  to the administration of the flu vaccine

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Implications of our Research

• This study will provide a basis for further
  research to be conducted in relation to the
  efficacy of the influenza vaccine not enough
  research has been conducted
• With further research nurses will be able to make
  informed decisions and educate their clients to
  make a safe and effective decision in regards to
  the influenza vaccine.
• With the implementation of new policies, students
  with be able to make autonomous choices without
  facing consequences

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References

• Bardenheier, B., Wortley, T., Winston, C.,
  Washington, M.  (2006).  Do patterns of knowledge
  and attitudes exist among unvaccinated seniors. 
  American Journal of Health Behaviour, 30(6),
  675-684.  Retrieved November 13, 2006, from
  ProQuest.
• Burns, N. Grove, S. (2003). Understanding
  Nursing Research 3rd ed. W.B. Saunders Company
  Philadelphia
• Diodati, C. (1999). Immunization History, Ethics,
  Law, and Health. Integral Aspects Inc. Windsor.
• Grady, C., Hampson, L., Wallen, G.,
  Rivera-Goba, M., et al. (2006). Exploring the
  Ethics of Clinical Research in an Urban
  Community. American Journal of Public Health, 96
  (11) 1996-2002, Retrieved on November 14, 2006,
  from ProQuest.
• Grove, C., Hampson, L., Wallen, G. Rivera-Goba,
  M. et al. (2006). Exploring the ethics of
  clinical research in an urban community.
  American Journal of Public Health. 96(11),
  1996-2001, Retrieved on November 14, 2006, from
  ProQuest.
• Rimple, D., Weiss, S., Brett, M., Ernst, A.
  (2006).  An emergency department-based
  vaccination program overcoming the barriers for
  adults at high risk for vaccine-preventable
  diseases.   Academic Emergency Medicine, 12(9),
  922-931.  Retrieved November 13, 2006, from
  ProQuest.
• Ritvo, P., Irvine,J., Klar, N., Wilson, K.,
  Brown, L., Bremner, K., Rinfret, A., Remis, R.,
  Krahn. M., (2003). A Canadian national survey of
  attitudes and knowledge regarding preventative
  vaccines. Journal of Immune Based Therapies and
  Vaccines. 1 (13), Retrieved on November 14, 2006,
  from ProQuest.
• Saluja, I., Theakston, K., Kaczorowski, J.
  (2005). Influenza vaccination rate among
  Emergency department personnel a survey of four
  teaching hospitals. CJEM Journal of the Canadian
  Association of Emergency Physicians. 7 (1)
  17-22, Retrieved on November 14, 2006, from
  ProQuest
• Talbot, T., Bradley, S., Cosgrove, S., Ruet,
  C.  (2005).  Influenza vaccination of healthcare
  workers and vaccine allocation for healthcare
  workers during vaccine shortages.  Infection
  Control in Hospital Epidemiology, 26(11) 882-891
• Vollman, A., Pierrynowski-Gallart, D. (2004).
  Influenze vaccination choices Do Nurses and
  other healthcare professionals make the right
  choices about influenza Vaccination? Should we be
  taking a second look at the impact of our
  choices? The Canadian Nurse. 100 (2) 1-16,
  Retrieved on November 14, 2006, from ProQuest.

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The End