Telecommunication Architectures and Standard

1
Chapter 3

• Telecommunication Architectures and Standard

2
Agenda

• Network architectures standards
• Standard-making organizations
• Pros and cons of standards
• Open System Interconnection Model (OSI)
• TCP/IP
• Manufacturer architecture
• Pros and cons of architecture

3
Network Architectures

• Design principles for
• Functions
• Data format
• Procedures
• Describe what

4
Communication Standards

• Rules for compatibility
• Specify how

5
Needs for Architectures and Standards

• Complex communication systems
• Maintenance and future growth
• Connectivity between network devices
• Distributed processing systems
• Diagnostic and performance management

6
Standards-Making Organizations

• International Telecommunications
  Union-Telecommunication Standardization Section
  (ITU-T)
• International Organization for Standardization
  (ISO)
• American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
• Electrical Industries Association (EIA)
• National Institute of Standards and Technology
  (NIST)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
  (IEEE)

7
Standards

• V.
• Connection of digital equipment to telephone
  analog line
• X.
• Connection of digital equipment to telephone
  digital line
• X.400
• Allow communication between incompatible
  electronic mail systems
• X.500
• Create and maintain a directory of e-mail users
  and their network addresses

8
Pros and Cons of Standards

• Pros
• Compatibility between vendors
• Fewer products
• Cons
• Slow processing
• Obsolescence
• Freezing technology
• Discouraging innovation

9
Open System Interconnection Model

• International Organization for Standardization
• Interconnection of Dissimilar Network
• Seven Layers
• Application
• Presentation
• Session Control
• Transport Control
• Network Control
• Data Link Control
• Physical Link Control

10
Application Layer

• Determine data to be send at originating end
• Process data at receiving end

11
Presentation Layer

• Change data format
• Compression/expansion
• Encryption/decryption

12
Session Control Layer

• Communication rules
• Rate of transmission
• Accounting functions

13
Transport Control Layer

• Identify receiving address
• Calculate and check checksum of entire message

14
Network Control Layer

• Route message
• Dissemble and assemble data (transmission unit)
• Accounting functions

15
Data Link Control Unit

• Determine line usage
• Establish link between two ends
• Detect and correct transmission error
• Add header and trailer
• Divide data unit for transmission

16
Physical Link Control Layer

• Hardware specification
• Electrical characteristics

17
TCP/IP Protocol

• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
• Advanced Research Project Agency
• ARPANET

18
TCP/IP Structure

• Application layer
• User application
• Transport layer (TCP protocol)
• Communication, error-checking procedure
• Internet layer (IP protocol)
• Routing
• Network access layer
• Connection
• Physical
• Physical electrical interface

19
Manufacturers Architecture

• Objectives
• Base for future products
• Control customers
• Types
• IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
• Digital Equipment Corporation Digital Network
  Architecture (DNA)

20
Pros and Cons of Layered Architectures

• Pros
• Modularize structure for simplify maintenance
• Specify interfaces for easy change future
  growth
• Cons
• Complex Rules
• Cost of sophisticated intelligence
• Complex software

21
Points to Remember

• Network architectures standards
• Standard-making organizations
• Pros and cons of standards
• Open System Interconnection Model (OSI)
• TCP/IP
• Manufacturer architecture
• Pros and cons of architecture

22
Discussion

• What are your thoughts on selecting network
  equipment for an organization?