Distributed Generation Interconnection Standards

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Distributed Generation Interconnection Standards

• IREC Interconnection Workshop
• Wichita, KS
• October 1, 2003
• Chris Larsen
• Larsen Consulting Solutions, Inc.

Slides courtesy of Chuck Whitaker, Endecon
Engineering
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Utility Interconnection Requirements

• Regulatory Agency Interconnection Rules
• State PUCs, FERC, Muni Boards
• Equipment and Facility Requirement Standards
• IEEE 929, IEEE 1547, IEEE 1547.2
• Product Testing Standards
• UL1741, UL2200, IEEE P1547.1, NEMA, etc.

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Presentation Overview

• IEEE 929
• IEEE 1547 Family
• 1547
• 1547.1
• 1547.2
• 1547.3
• UL 1741

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IEEE Standards Classification

• Standards documents with
• mandatory requirements (shall)
• Recommended Practices documents in which
• procedures and positions preferred
• by the IEEE are presented (should)
• Guides documents in which alternative approaches
• to good practice are suggested but
• no clear-cut recommendations are made (may)
• IEEE Standards are Voluntary.

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IEEE 929-2000

• Passed by IEEE Standards Board in January, 2000.
• Provides an excellent primer on PV inverter
  interconnection issues.

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The Need for PV Interconnection Standards

• Many utilities were using rotating machinery
  requirements for PV systems
• Many of the Interconnection Requirements were
  established in early PURPA days
• too many requirements
• telemetery and Utility Grade relays
• special (and costly) engineering were needed for
  each specific utility requirements

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Purpose of IEEE 929

• This recommended practice contains guidance
  regarding equipment and functions necessary to
  ensure compatible operation of photovoltaic
  systems which are connected in parallel with the
  electric utility. This includes factors relating
  to personnel safety, equipment protection, power
  quality and utility system operation.
• Addresses only the Interconnection Equipment
  technical requirements

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What Does IEEE 929 Really Impact?
PV Array
Utility System
Inverter
M
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IEEE 929 Outline

• Introduction
• 1. Overview (scope purpose)
• 2. References
• 3. Definitions (inverter, islanding, PCC,
  quality factor, etc.)
• 4. Power quality
• 5. Safety and protection functions
• Annexes

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IEEE 929-2000 Power Quality

• Power quality problems in general are rising
  because of proliferation of non-linear loads on
  utility systems -- all customers suffer
• PV should not add to that problem
• Addresses
• 1. Service Voltage
• 2. Voltage Flicker
• 3. Frequency
• 4. Waveform Distortion (IEEE 519)
• 5. Power Factor

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IEEE 929-2000 Safety and Protection Functions

• 1. Response to Abnormal Utility Conditions
• a. Voltage Disturbances
• b. Frequency Disturbances
• c. Islanding Protection
• d. Reconnect After a Utility Disturbance
• 2. Direct Current Isolation
• 3. Grounding
• 4. Manual Disconnect

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IEEE 929-2000 Response to Abnormal Utility
Conditions
Trip time refers to the time between the
abnormal condition being applied and the inverter
ceasing to energize the utility line. The
inverter will actually remain connected to the
utility to allow sensing of utility electrical
conditions for use by the reconnect feature.
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IEEE 929-2000 Manual Disconnect Switch
PV Array
Local Loads
Utility System
Inverter
M
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IEEE 929-2000 - Annexes

• Annex A (Normative) Minimum Test Procedure for
  a Non-Islanding PV Inverter
• Annex B (Informative) - Bibliography
• Annex C - PV Inverters and the Utility Interface
  (Terminology)
• Annex D - Disconnect Switches Utility
  Procedures
• Annex E - Islanding as it Applies to PV Systems
• Annex F - The PV Inverter Under Utility Fault
  Conditions
• Annex G - Dedicated Distribution Transformer

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IEEE 1547-2003

• Standard for Interconnecting Distributed
  Resources with Electric Power Systems
• Approved at June 2003 IEEE Standards Board
  Meeting

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1547 Interconnection Is The Focus
Area Electric Power System (EPS)
Interconnection System
Distributed Resource (DR) unit
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1547 Interconnection Terms
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IEEE 1547-2003 Contents

• 1.1 Scope
• This standard establishes criteria and
  requirements for interconnection of distributed
  resources (DR) with electric power systems (EPS).
• 1.2 Purpose
• This document provides a uniform standard for
  interconnection of distributed resources with
  electric power systems. It provides requirements
  relevant to the performance, operation, testing,
  safety considerations, and maintenance of the
  interconnection.
• The requirements shall be met at the point of
  common coupling (PCC), although the devices used
  to meet these requirements can be located
  elsewhere. This standard applies to
  interconnection based on the aggregate rating of
  all the DR units that are within the Local EPS.
  The functions of the interconnection system
  hardware and software that affect the Area EPS
  are required to meet this standard regardless of
  their location on the EPS.
• The stated specifications and requirements, both
  technical and testing, are universally needed for
  interconnection of DR, including synchronous
  machines, induction machines, or power
  inverters/converters, and will be sufficient for
  most installations.1
• 1 Additional technical requirements and/or tests
  may be necessary for some limited situations.

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IEEE 1547-2003 Contents
INTRODUCTION 1.0 OVERVIEW 1.1 Scope 1.2
Purpose 1.3 Limitations 2.0 REFERENCES
3.0 DEFINITIONS
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IEEE 1547-2003 Contents
4.0 INTERCONNECTION TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND
REQUIREMENTS 4.1 General Requirements 4.2
Response to Area EPS Abnormal Conditions 4.3
Power Quality 4.4 Islanding 5.0
INTERCONNECTION TEST SPECIFICATIONS AND
REQUIREMENTS 5.1 Design Test 5.2 Production
Tests 5.3 Interconnection Installation
Evaluation 5.4 Commissioning Tests
5.5 Periodic Interconnection Tests ANNEX A
(INFORMATIVE) BIBLIOGRAPHY
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IEEE P1547.1
Draft Standard for Conformance Test Procedures
for Equipment Interconnecting Distributed
Resources with Electric Power Systems

• Verifies Conformance to IEEE 1547-2003
• Provides Test Procedures and order, but does not
  define a comprehensive Certification Process

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IEEE P1547.1

• Purpose
• Interconnection equipment that connects
  distributed resources (DR) to an electric power
  system (EPS) must meet the requirements specified
  in IEEE Standard P1547. Standardized test
  procedures are necessary to establish and verify
  compliance with those requirements. These test
  procedures must provide both repeatable results,
  independent of test location, and flexibility to
  accommodate a variety of DR technologies.

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IEEE P1547.1 Outline

• 1.0 Overview
• 2.0 References
• 3.0 Definitions
• 4.0 General Requirements
• 5.0 Type Tests
• 6.0 Production Tests
• 7.0 Commissioning Tests
• Annex A (Normative) Test Signals
• Annex B (Informative) Bibliography
• Annex C (Informative) Sample Data Pages for
  Temperature Stability Test

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IEEE P1547.1 Status

• Writing Committee is preparing Draft 3 for review
  at Nov 12-14 workgroup meeting
• Section 5 (Type Tests) is fairly well developed
• Section 6 (Production Tests) has first cuts for
  most elements
• Section 7 (Commissioning Test) is under initial
  development
• Expect to have document approved by June 2005

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IEEE P1547.2
Draft Application Guide For IEEE Std. 1547,
Standard For Interconnecting Distributed
Resources With Electric Power Systems

• Scope
• This guide provides technical background and
  application details to support the understanding
  of IEEE 1547, Standard for Interconnecting
  Distributed Resources with Electric Power
  Systems.

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What P1547.2 is Intended to Do
Support understanding and facilitate use of IEEE
1547 by

• Providing technical background
• Providing application details
• Characterizing various forms of DR technologies
• Characterizing associated interconnection issues
• Discussing background and rationale of the
  technical requirements in terms of the operation
  of the interconnection
• Presenting good practice approaches

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IEEE P1547.3
Title IEEE P1547.3 Draft Guide For Monitoring,
Information Exchange, and Control of Distributed
Resources Interconnected with Electric Power
Systems Scope This document provides
guidelines for monitoring, information exchange,
and control for distributed resources (DR)
interconnected with electric power systems (EPS).

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IEEE SCC 21 Contact Information

• Dr. Richard DeBlasio ddeblasi_at_nrel.gov (303) 275
  - 4333
• Mr. Tom S. Basso thomas_basso_at_nrel.gov (303) 275
  - 3753
• IEEE SCC21 -- IEEE Standards Coordinating
  Committee 21 on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics,
  Dispersed Generation, Energy Storage
  http//grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/
• 1547 web sites
• http//grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/1547
• http//grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/1547.1/1547.1
  _index.html
• http//grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/1547.2/1547.2
  _index.html
• http//grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/1547.3/1547.3
  _index.html

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UL 1741

• Standard for Inverters, Converters and
  Controllers for Use In Independent Power Systems

• Addresses
• Electric Shock Hazards
• Fire Hazards
• Mechanical Hazards
• Utility Compatibility and Interconnection for
  Grid Tied Applications

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Utility Compatibility and Interconnection Concerns

• The following performance parameters are safety
  issues
• Utility operating voltage and frequency
  parameters
• Islanding protection
• Output Power Quality

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Islanding Protection

• Islanding is when a distributed source continues
  to operate, feeding power into a portion of the
  grid when the utility source is no longer
  present. This situation presents many hazards
  including lethal electric shock to utility
  service personnel that think that the load side
  of the utility transmission line is electrically
  dead.

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Power Quality

• These utility interconnected DG products must
  meet minimum output power quality requirements
• Output power Factor 0.85 or higher
• Harmonic Distortion lt5 at full output power
• DC Injection minimized to lt 0.5 of rated output
  current

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UL 1741 Expansion to Cover the Interconnect of
All Types of DG

• UL1741 New Title - The Standard For Inverters,
  Converters and Controllers For Use In Independent
  Power Production Systems.
• Photovoltaic Modules
• Fuel Cells
• Micro-turbines
• Wind and Hydro Turbines
• Engine Gen-Set Interconnect Controllers

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Tim ZgonenaUnderwriters Laboratories Inc.333
Pfingsten Rd.Northbrook, IL 60062847-272-8800
ext. 43051timothy.p.zgonena_at_us.ul.com