Comments

1
Comments suggestions after the meeting are
encouraged!

• Gary Sherman gsherman_at_csrees.usda.gov
• Peter Johnson pjohnson_at_csrees.usda.gov
• Cyril Gay cgg_at_ars.usda.gov
• Rob Heckert rah_at_ars.usda.gov

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Initiative Foot and Mouth Disease
(preparedness, threat-response, vaccine, field
strategies, containment, disposal, DHS overlap?
Interagency cooperation? anti-virals)

• Rank 1st
• ? Rationale FMD has massive potential to
  devastate the beef industry and national economy
  if intentionally or unintentionally introduced
  into the US.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Vaccine Development
• 2. Preparedness
• 3. Anti-virals
• 4. Host-Pathogen-Environment Interactions

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Initiative Bovine Respiratory Disease (BVD,
Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Histophilus, viral
co-infection/emergence)

• Rank 2nd
• ? Rationale BRD continues to be an economically
  significant disease complex. Better strategies
  are needed for prevention.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Management-Disease interactions/Prevention
  Strategies
• 2. Rapid Diagnostics to aid in vivo diagnosis and
  treatment
• 3. Host-pathogen-environment interactions
• 4. Immunology/Vaccine Development

5

Initiative Enteric Disease (O157, Johne's,
Salmonella, BVD, neonatal, specific
disease-related objectives under priorities)

• Rank 3rd
• ? Rationale A number of pathogens are
  economically important to the beef industry and
  have public health significance as well.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Vaccines/Anti-infection strategies
• 2. Surveillance/Rapid Diagnostics to aid in
  treatment
• 3. Biosecurity and Biocontainment Plans
• 4. Genomics- genetically based resistance

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Initiative Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases
(FMD, vectorborne, TB/Brucella, FAD, syndromes,
surveillance, ticks/babesia)

• Rank 4th
• ? Rationale New and existing disease control
  and eradication programs are needed to address
  public health, food safety and production
  concerns. There is need to rapidly respond to
  unexpected disease threats.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Modeling/prediction
• 2. Innovative, rapid detection/diagnostic tests
• 3. Understanding factors that lead to
  emergence/reemergence, including zoonotic
  transmission
• 4. Global surveillance

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Initiative Resistance to Therapeutics /
Antimicrobials (antibiotics, anti-parasitics,
other failures treatment choices / consequences-
disease evolution)

• Rank 5th
• ? Rationale Resistance to therapeutics is a
  growing concern in regard to production, food
  supply veterinary medicine and public health.
  There are critical knowledge gaps that hinder
  development of effective solutions.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Rapid detection of resistance strains
• 2. Bioinformatics/databases
• 3. Management practices to manage/minimize
  resistance
• 4. Ecology of emergence- ecosystem influences

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Initiative TSEs

• Rank 6th
• ? Rationale TSEs pose risk to the beef industry
  and there are large knowledge gaps with respect
  to this class of pathogens.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Pathogenesis
• 2. Antemortem diagnosis
• 3. Disposal
• 4. Genomic based diagnostics/surveillance/resistan
  ce

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Initiative Mycobacterial Disease

• Rank 1st
• ? Rationale Economic losses due to these
  endemic diseases, Johnes and TB are growing.
  Diagnostic methods are currently inadequate to
  detect disease prior to clinical onset.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Improve, develop, and validate diagnostic
  tests for early detection of infected and
  pre-clinical animals
• 2. Vaccine development
• 3. Management strategies (hygiene, nutrition,
  clean-up of premises)
• 4. Understanding Host/pathogen interaction,
  immune response or lack of response.
  Understanding genetic basis of resistance to
  Mycobacterial pathogens.

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Initiative Periparturient and Perinatal
diseases.

• Rank 2nd
• ? Rationale Periparturient and perinatal
  disease comprise the bulk of diseases affecting
  economics and losses on dairy farms.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. mastitis
• 2. immune suppression (as affected by cow
  comfort, nutrition, genetic resistance) and
  enhancement
• 3. metabolic disease, retained placenta,
  reproductive disorders, and lameness
• 4. Neonatal morbidity and mortality

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Initiative Biosecurity and disease control of
Emerging and re-emerging diseases

• Rank 3rd
• ? Rationale There is a need to improve program
  capabilities to control and prevent diseases of
  high impact to economic health of dairy industry
  and public health. Research to improve programs
  to Control Zoonotic Diseases . Research needed
  to respond to acts of bioterrorism.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Vaccines, anti-virals, therapeutics, and
  implementation strategies development
• 2. Development of new and Improved diagnostic
  methods and implementation
• 3. Develop core abilities to identify "new"
  emerging diseases or research needed to respond
  to acts of bioterrorism - viral, microbial
  isolation abilities.

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Initiative Chronic endemic diseases

• Rank 4th
• ? Rationale These endemic diseases , BVDV, BLV,
  IBR, BRSV, Adenovirus, Staph mastitis, Pappillary
  Digital Dermatitis, and parasitic infections
  reduce the competitiveness of US dairies on the
  world market
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Improve, develop, and validate diagnostic
  tests for early detection of infected and
  pre-clinical animals
• 2. Vaccine development
• 3. Management strategies (hygiene, nutrition,
  clean-up of premises)
• 4. Understanding Host/pathogen interaction,
  immune response or lack of response.
  Understanding genetic basis of resistance to
  these pathogens

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Initiative Arthropod borne Disease

• Rank 5th
• ? Rationale Diseases borne by arthropods are
  serious emerging and endemic threats and includes
  Babesiosis, rift valley fever, blue tongue,
  anaplasmosis, Heartwater, Theileria,
  Trypanosomiasis, Vesicular stomatitis
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Improve, develop, and validate DX for early
  infected and pre-clinical animals
• 2. Vaccine and therapeutics development
• 3. Management and vector control/avoidance
  strategies (hygiene, nutrition, clean-up of
  premises, genetic selection for disease
  resistance)
• 4. Understanding Host/pathogen interaction,
  immune response or lack of response.
  Understanding genetic basis of resistance to
  these pathogens

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Initiative PRRS (porcine reproductive and
respiratory syndrome)

• Rank 1st
• ? Rationale most economically important disease
  of swine ever, key contributor to other disease
  complexes. RNA virus with constantly changing
  genetics for which diagnostics are inadequate and
  vaccines are only partially protective at best.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Identify mechanisms for PRRS control and
  prevention. Improve detection methods.
• 2. Lab-field connections genomics to biology.
  Utilize genomics of host and pathogen to
  understand host-pathogen interactions and
  increase herd resistance
• 3. Understand protective anti-PRRS Immunity and
  develop novel vaccines and therapeutics.
• 4. Models of immune development pathogen
  effects comparative complex host-pathogen
  interactions

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Initiative Preventive health management

• Rank 2nd
• ? Rationale improve pig and human health,
  prevent disease transmission to humans
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. innate immunity, including comparative models
• 2. alternatives to growth promotants, antibiotic
  usage
• 3. nutritional modulation of pig health,
  nutritional modification of final pork product to
  enahnce human health.
• 4. management practices, housing, reduction of
  stress, animal welfare

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Initiative emerging/reemerging infectious
diseases PMWS, circoviruses influenza
infectious pathogens of unknown etiology

• Rank 3rd
• ? Rationale Newly emerging and reemerging
  diseases appear. Identification of the actual
  infectious agent and its pathogenicity is
  required. New diagnostics must be developed.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Improve genomic characterization of emerging
  and reemerging disease agents
• 2. improved diagnostics
• 3. Develop strong linkage with NIH, CDC, human
  health researchers.
• 4. Rebuild human resources

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Initiative complex disease interactions

• Rank 4th
• ? Rationale Many pig diseases result from the
  interaction of multiple infectious agents, e.g.,
  porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC),
  diarrheal syndromes. Indeed pathology may only be
  seen as a result of such interactions.
  Alternatively certain microbes can help prevent
  infection associated pathologies.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Understand host-pathogen interactions at them
  molecular and cellular level, use of genomics
• 2. regional, including mucosal, immunity, immune
  toolkit, protective immune mechanisms,
• 3. Understand microbial interactions
• 4. vaccines for difficult pathogens

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Initiative FADs

• Rank 5th
• ? Rationale ARS is the only entity that can
  address FADs and prevent threats to human food
  supply
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Improve diagnostic toolkit for FADs and agents
  of bioterrrorism field based rapid technologies
• 2. Understand the epidemiology of the Feral swine
  domestic swine interface
• 3. Emergency vaccine and therapeutic development

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Initiative Avian Infuenza/Exotic Newcastle
Disease

• Rank 1st
• ? Rationale Foreign animal disease having
  global implications for human health, trade
  together with catastrophic consequences.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Diagnostics - surveillance
• 2. Effectiveness of vaccines/need for mass
  application vaccine(s) in AI and improved
  Newcastle vaccines)
• 3. Genetic analysis of viruses (viral
  genomics-molecular epidemiology)
• 4. Understanding ecology in waterfowl and
  associated resistance in individual species

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Initiative Marek's disease

• Rank 2nd
• ? Rationale Historically, one of the more
  costly poultry diseases. Currently, using
  vaccine of last resort and more virulent strains
  are developing.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. New vaccines
• 2. Understanding of genetic resistance in the
  host
• 3. Mechanisms of disease and changing viral
  pathogenesis, host immunity
• 4. Diagnostics

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Initiative Mycoplasma gallisepticum/Mycoplasma
synoviae

• Rank 3rd
• ? Rationale Continues to be a problem that
  current vaccines have not dealt with and is a
  co-factor with opportunistic organisms and are
  highly prevalent.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Better vaccine (Mg) and a live Ms vaccine
• 2. Improved diagnostics
• 3. Understanding the immunological response of
  the host
• 4. Role in severity of bronchitis and E. coli

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Initiative Avian Leukosis Virus

• Rank 4th
• ? Rationale Virus mutates from less viurlent to
  more virulent - emergence of new subgroups
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Diagnostics
• 2. Understanding the development of the
  recombinant viruses - ie, circumstances that
  allow for new viruses.
• 3. Genetic resistance

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Initiative Alternative methods of production to
deal with regulatory changes that are limiting
our production tools

• Rank 1st
• ? Rationale The current regulatory environment
  is limiting the tools necessary to raise poultry
  (loss of antibiotics and probiotics) and this has
  resulted or may result in increase of diseases
  like necrotic enteritis.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Necrotic enteritis (clostridial diseases)
• 2. Necrotic dermatitis (clostridial diseases)
• 3. Understanding microbial ecology of the
  intestines
• 4. Mucosal immunity

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Initiative Poultry FADs

• Rank 2nd
• ? Rationale The U.S. poultry industry has
  eliminated or prevented the introduction of many
  important poultry diseases, but these diseases
  remain a threat to our poultry industry.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Avian influenza and END
• 2. Emerging diseases or other FADs (vIBD, etc)
• 3. Biosecurity and biocontainment
• 4. Therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostics

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Initiative Respiratory diseases

• Rank 3rd
• ? Rationale Respiratory disease remain an
  important cause of disease and decreased
  performance for the broiler industry.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Infectious bronchitis
• 2. Infectious laryngotracheitis
• 3. Colibacillosis
• 4. Mucosal immunology

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Initiative Enteric diseases

• Rank 4th
• ? Rationale Enteric diseases remain a threat
  to the poultry industry and better control are
  needed, particularly since current tools may not
  be available in the future.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Runting and stunting disease
• 2. Coccidia
• 3. Therapeutics, diagnostics, and vaccines
• 4. Necrotic enteritis

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Initiative Immunosuppression

• Rank 5th
• ? Rationale Several viral diseases and
  environmental factors are known to cause
  immunosuppression that impacts overall animal
  health.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Infectious bursal disease
• 2. Chicken anemia virus
• 3. Stress and developing tools for quantitatively
  measuring stress and its affects on immunity
• 4. Nutrition and its affects on immunity

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Initiative Tumour viruses

• Rank 6th
• ? Rationale Although currently these diseases
  are under control, history suggests that these
  viruses will reemerge as disease issues for the
  broiler industry.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Marek's disease
• 2. Avian leukosis

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Initiative Improved diagnostics for detection
of infectious agents of turkeys.

• Rank 1st
• ? Rationale Need improved diagnostics that
  result in rapid detection with improved
  sensitivity and specificity.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Differentiate infected versus vaccinated for
  Avian influenza
• 2. Avian pneumovirus-vaccinated versus infected
• 3. PEMS-astrovirus, rotavirus, reovirus, etc
• 4. Salmonella
• 5. Campylobacter 7.Fowl cholera
• 6. ORT 8.Colibacillosis

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Initiative Develop improved vaccines for
protection against infectious agents.

• Rank 2nd
• ? Rationale In the face of declining antibiotic
  usage, vaccines are a feasible alternative means
  for disease control. Developing new vaccines and
  vaccine strategies will aid in animal health and
  reduce disease transmission.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Avian influenza
• 2. Avian pneumovirus
• 3. PEMS
• 4. Fowl cholera
• 5. mycoplasma
• 6. Coccidiosis

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Initiative Epidemiology and surveillance of
infectious agents associated with turkey diseases.

• Rank 3rd
• ? Rationale In real-world situations multiple
  species (e.g. turkeys, pigs, humans, water fowl)
  are in close approximation to one another. Use of
  epidemiology and survelliance will assist in
  disease control and increased animal and public
  health.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Risk factors associated with multi-species
  diseases.
• 2. Mode of transmission
• 3. Avian influenza
• 4. Avian pneumovirus

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Initiative Improved understanding of innate and
adaptive immune response of turkeys.

• Rank 4th
• ? Rationale Basic knowledge of the immune
  response of turkeys will help implement
  mitigation strategies for disease control.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Improved knowledge of turkey mucosal
  immunology as it relates to the gut and
  respiratory tracts.
• 2. Understanding role of probiotic/additives in
  promoting turkey health

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Initiative Develop genomic database of turkey
species

• Rank 5th
• ? Rationale Use of genomic markers will lead to
  improved selection of breeding stocks.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Identify genes and gene products associated
  with increased feed efficiency.
• 2. Identify genes and gene products associated
  with enhanced disease resistance.

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Initiative Other important issues related to
turkey industry

• Rank 6th
• ? Rationale In discussions with turkey industry
  representatives these priorities were identified
  as being important to animal health
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Food safety
• 2. Development of preharvest intervention
  strategies to meet processing standards
• 3. Enviroment/regulatory requirements
• 4. Animal welfare
• 5. Nutrition/alternative feed sources

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Initiative Scrapie (sheep and goats)

• Rank 1st
• ? Rationale Augment eradication trade issues
  cost of disposal and loss of by product value
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Transmission/Pathogenesis
• 2. Diagnostics
• 3. Immunogenetics/Host genetic resistance
• 4. Environmental persistence/decontamination

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Initiative Internal Parasites (sheep and goats)

• Rank 2nd
• ? Rationale Multidrug resistance threatens
  sustainability
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Host resistance
• 2. Biological controls (such as nematophagous
  fungi)
• 3. Immunogenetics

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Initiative OPP/CAE

• Rank 3rd
• ? Rationale A significant economic loss for the
  industries
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Immunogenetics

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Initiative Ovine/Caprine Johne's disease

• Rank 4th
• ? Rationale Production losses lack of tools
  for effective control and prevention
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Diagnostics
• 2. Vaccine development/immunogenetics

45
Initiative Malignant Catarrhal Fever (sheep and
goats)

• Rank 5th
• ? Rationale Maximize resource utilization and
  prevent interspecies transmission
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Vaccine/immunogenetics

46
Initiative Bighorn Sheep Pneumonia - Etiology
(Sheep) Caseous Lymphadenitis (goats)

• Rank 6th
• ? Rationale CL - production loss and
  condemnation of product BSP - loss of grazing
  opportunities
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Epidemiology (BSP)
• 2. Vaccine/immunogenetics (CL)

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Initiative Regulatory Concerns

• Rank 1st
• ? Rationale Diseases that impact national and
  international movement of horses that is central
  to all aspects of the equine industry.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. piroplasmosis
• 2. Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
• 3. VSV

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Initiative Enabling Technologies

• Rank 2nd
• ? Rationale Development of tools that will
  enable and enhance all aspects of discovery
  research. Also facilitates access to other
  funding avenues.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Genomics
• 2. immunologic reagents
• 3. proteomics
• 4. transcriptional profiling

50
Initiative epidemiology, disease surveillance

• Rank 3rd
• ? Rationale Data regarding incidence and
  prevalence of disease are fundamental to
  determining future research priorities and
  disease control strategies.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. track by incidence and economic impact
• 2. biosecurity, biocontainment

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Initiative Laminitis

• Rank 4th
• ? Rationale A performance-limiting and
  life-threatening malady that affects all types of
  horses.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. population studies - prevalence, prognosis,
  risk factors, incidence
• 2. pathogenisis
• 3. treatment
• 4. prevention

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Initiative Respiratory Disease

• Rank 5th
• ? Rationale Respiratory disease limits the
  utilization and well-being of all types of
  horses. These conditions are highly prevalent.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO)
• 2. S. equi
• 3. foal pneumonia
• 4. herpes viruses

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Initiative Colic

• Rank 6th
• ? Rationale Colic is the number one cause of
  mortality in horses based on insurance data and
  is reported as the number one concern of horse
  owners.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. etiology, pathophysiology of colic
• 2. population studies
• 3. Treatment
• 4. Prevention

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Initiative Basic discovery of the biology,
genomics of susceptibility and resistance, and
mechanisms of diseases where little is known
(TSE/CWD, Avian Flu)

• Rank 1st
• ? Rationale Research in this area is essential
  for the following reasons 1) the magnitude of
  impact of these diseases on rural economies and
  US international trade positions, 2) increase our
  base of scientific knowledge, 3) the potential
  zoonotic effects on animal and human health, and
  4) the benefit to society in the control of these
  diseases.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. CWD
• 2. Genomics of TB
• 3. Avian Influenza
• 4. Phenotypic disease susceptibility/resistance

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Initiative Development of diagnostics tools a)
that are tailored to the wildlife
species/infectious agent of interest, b) for use
in surveillance systems of extensive wildlife
systems, and c) which utilize genomics and new
technologies for identifying animals with a
potential to spread targeted/zoonotic diseases

• Rank 2nd
• ? Rationale Recent disease events demonstrate
  the important role of wildlife in the emergence
  diseases with a zoonotic potential as well as a
  significant economic impact on the domestic
  animal industry. Existing diagnostic assays
  which are designed for domestic species are not
  adequate for many wildlife species. The
  availability of new technology and knowledge,
  like genomics and micro-arrays, offers the
  opportunity to develop assays tailored to
  specific wildlife species and infectious agents.
  Key to controlling spread of disease among and
  between wildlife, domestic animals, and humans is
  the ability to identify infection in wildlife.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. TB 4. Avian Influenza
• 2. Brucella 5. Foreign animal disease
• 3. TSE 6. Unknown/emerging
  infectious agents

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Initiative Immunology, improved vaccines, and
delivery systems

• Rank 3rd
• ? Rationale Wildlife has intrinsic value to the
  public but we need effective intervention
  strategies to protect this intrinsic value.
  There is a lack of basic information on
  immulogical responses, efficacious vaccines, and
  effective delivery systems.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Avian Influenza
• 2. Evaluational of delivery of available exotic
  disease vaccines to wildlife (foot mouth
  disease)
• 3. Brucella and TB
• 4. Development of immunilogical reagents
• 5. Basic immunoglical studies in species of
  interest

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Initiative Integration and meta-analysis of
existing knowledge of wildlife and
disease/infection and ecology

• Rank 4th
• ? Rationale There is an extensive amount of
  knowledge in the wildlife management community
  about the ecology and behavior of wildlife. The
  veterinary community brings disease intervention
  strategies to the table. Therefore integrating
  these information resources will improve disease
  control strategies by incorporating wildlife
  ecology into the control paradigms.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Identify pathophysiologies of Brucellosis in
  elk and bison while utilizing wildlife's normal
  ecology and behavior to control and eliminate
  brucellosis.
• 2. Same for T.B.
• 3. Same for psuedorabies
• 4. Where applicable use for avian influenza and
  other wildlife/domestic animal disease interfaces

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Initiative Epidemiological and risk assessment
of the potential new origins of zoonotic
diseases/infections and the likely pathways of
contagion

• Rank 5th
• ? Rationale Many new diseases in domesticated
  animals and humans originate from wildlife.
  Assessing the risks of new infections and their
  sources is critical to predicting the scope and
  impact of potential new outbreaks.
• ? Priorities within Initiative
• 1. Development of effective and affordable
  surveillance technologies
• 2.Develop information sharing networks, GIS
  mapping of disease/infection distribution
  including integrated database development
• 3. Develop response contingencies to the
  intentional introduction of foreign animal
  diseases including cost-benefit analyses