Crusades

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Crusades
The Holy Lands
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The Christian World c. 550
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Christians and Muslims
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1095 Pope Urban II Calls for a Crusade

• Pope Urban II was a powerful speaker all our
  sources indicate that the speech he delivered
  that day was moving and memorable. We have
  several accounts that differ in detail, but the
  following delivers the general sense of his
  message that day.

Council of Clermont, 1095
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Urban IIs Speech Summarized

• The noble race of Franks must come to the aid of
  their fellow Christians in the East. The infidel
  Turks are advancing into the heart of Eastern
  Christendom Christians are being oppressed and
  attacked churches and holy places are being
  defiled. Jerusalem is groaning under the Saracen
  yoke. The Holy Sepulchre is in Moslem hands and
  has been turned into a mosque. Pilgrims are
  harassed and even prevented access to the Holy
  Land.
• The West must march to the defense of the East.
  All should go, rich and poor alike. The Franks
  must stop their internal wars and squabbles. Let
  them go instead against the infidel and fight a
  righteous war.
• God himself would lead them, for they would be
  doing His work. There will be absolution and
  remission of sins for all who die in the service
  of Christ. Here they are poor and miserable
  sinners there they will be rich and happy. Let
  none hesitate they must march next summer. God
  wills it!

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Crusader Motives
What motivated Christians to participate in the
Crusades?
Nobles - land
Knights a chance to prove themselves
Peasants a chance to travel and maybe earn
their freedom
All were promised to have their sins forgiven.
Salvation was their reward if their effort proved
worthy.
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First Crusade
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First Crusade 1096-1099

• Crusaders freed land from Muslims. They captured
  Jerusalem and set up Crusader States.

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Second Crusade 1147-1149

• Muslims were re- conquering the Holy Lands.
• Nothing was gained by the crusaders in the Holy
  Lands.

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The Third Crusade 1189-1192

• Muslims had conquered almost all of Palestine
  under the leadership of Saladin.
• The Crusaders were led by King Philip II of
  France, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, and King
  Richard I of England.
• Richard and Saladin sign a treaty allowing
• Christian pilgrims to visit holy places.

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Fourth Crusade 1202-1204

• Pope Innocent III attempted to reorganize the
  Crusading efforts. But lack of funds to pay for
  the passage of the 10,000 Crusaders in Venice
  forced a diversion of the mostly French army.
• At the request of the Venetians, the Crusaders
  attacked Constantinople. The Byzantine capital
  fell on Apr. 13, 1204 it was looted,
  particularly for its treasures of relics.

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Crusader Routes to the Holy Lands
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Crusades Affect Europe

• The Crusades furthered the rapid growth of a
  money economy, of banking, and of new methods of
  taxation.
• Europe gained geographical knowledge of the
  world.
• Trade architecture were stimulated by the
  Crusades.
• Islamic science, philosophy, and medicine deeply
  influenced the West. Much of this influence,
  however, came through contacts with the Muslims
  in Spain and Sicily the Crusaders in the East
  generally remained isolated from the surrounding
  culture.