Etiquette

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Etiquette Equity in Automated Aerospace Systems

• Kevin M. Corker
• Human Automation Integration Laboratory (HAIL)
• San Jose State University
• 11/15/02

2
Acknowledgements

• Sponsored by
• NASA Aviation Safety Program
• Dr. Irving Statler technical monitor,
• FAA Office of ATM Architecture
• Mr. Steve Bradford, Chief Scientist, technical
  monitor
• FAA Office of Chief Scientist for Human Factors,
• Drs. Mark Rodgers and Dr. Paul Krois, technical
  monitors

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Structure of Discussion

• Evolution of an etiquette argument
• Automation and etiquette
• Econometric Equity model of etiquette
• Advanced automation and aiding impact
• Process, Goal State and Priorities
• Conclusion and Computational Structures

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Automation Issues

• Impact

• Introduction of automation changes the role of
  the operators in the system increases target
  capability
• Workload and sources for error are distributed
  not eliminated
• Common Sources of Error in use of automation
• Decision bias
• Mistrust Distrust lead Over Under-reliance
• Monitoring errors
• System authority, autonomy, trust and agents
  role
• How is automation used, rather then how was it
  designed to be used ?
• Any number of accidents and incidents determined
  to be associated with automated systems
• Lack of feedback
• Unidentified interrelations, side effects
• Divergent priority and valuation processes

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Evolution of an etiquette argument

• Evolutionary Psychology the development of a
  process of moralistic aggression whose purpose it
  is to educate individuals to the standards
  expected (Badcock, 2000)
• Breaches in etiquette evoke a response that is
  disruptive, moralistic and (occasionally)aggressiv
  e
• Social Psychology Ability to monitor ones own
  and others states of emotion and process to use
  that information to guide ones thinking and
  actions (Salovey and Mayer, 1990)
• Cognitive Psychology Dedicated, functionally
  specialized interacting mechanisms (Cosmides and
  Tooby, 1992)
• Guide behavior and thought w/to recurrent
  adaptive problems posed by the social world

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Dedicated Practiced Logic
If there is a D on one side there is a 3 on the
other
If a person is drinking beer they must be 21
years of age
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Etiquette and Automation

• Human to Computer Courtesy computer performance
  assessment experiments (Reeves Nass, 1996)
• Theory of mind Cognitive entities experience
  mental states like our own (Premack Woodruff,
  1978)
• Automated Autism lack of awareness of mental
  emotional embeddedness as symptomatic of autism
  mind-blind (Baron-Cohen and Howlin, 1989)
• Computer to Human Affect (Picard, 1997)

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Etiquette In Aerospace

• Theses
• One purpose for etiquette is to support secondary
  communication among interactive agents with
  reference to
• Conflict free access to scarce resources
• Present process, goal state priorities
• In capacity constrained air traffic management,
  access to command control processes is both
  necessary and limited
• In automation aiding automation response
  dependence of system-operator state is essential

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Joint Cognitive Systems Analysis

• Apply cognitive engineering principles to the
  joint cognitive system
• What role will the system provide the operator in
  nominal and off-nominal operation?
• What behavioral data have we when the human is in
  that role?
• What design augments or offsets that behavior?

• What role will the system provide the automation
  in nominal and off-nominal operation?
• What performance data have we when the automation
  is in that role?
• What design augments or offsets that behavior?

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Automation Analysis

• High Full Automation information selection
  analyses decision and implementation
• Automation informs human/organization on the
  basis of rules
• Executes actions automatically then informs
  human/organization
• Allows human/organization override on a limited
  time schedule
• Mid Executes computer generated plan if
  human/organization approves
• Automation provides best single alternative
• Automation narrows the available field of
  alternatives
• Automation provides a complete set of
  alternatives
• Low All information selection analyses decision
  and implementation performed by
  human/organization

Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens, 2000
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Dimensions of Automation Impact on Aero-transport
Information Information Decision Action
Acquisition Analysis Selection Implementation
High
Low
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Automated Flight Deck Response to Off Nominal
Conditions
Weiner, 1985
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Separation Standard Required
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(No Transcript)
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Data Link Vs. Voice Error in Standard and
Missed Communication
Lozito et al., 1999
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Data vs. Voice Communication Time In Clarification
Lozito et al., 1999
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Automation Aiding System

• Present Flight Data in Digital Form
• Provide an exploration capability for
  alternative flight paths
• Provide conflict prediction based on trajectory
  synthesis (20 min look ahead)
• Current flight path as filed and radar track
• Planned Flight Path
• Flight Deck Aiding System (60-40 sec look ahead)

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Etiquette Equity

• Access can be decomposed into two elements
• Internal Delay Costs Cost incurred by user (x)
  in accessing and using a service
• External Delay Costs Cost incurred by all other
  users of that service as a function of user (x)
  occupancy of the resource

• Strategy for Demand Management Cost Equity is to
  shift the external costs to internal costs
• E.g. by the imposition of a congestion fee
  (Vickers, 1969, Daniel, 1995)

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Etiquette Equity(adapted from Andreatta
Odoni, 2002)

• Behaviors that support courtesy impose a cost
  to the operator that engages in them
• Total Cost to user (Xi) DC CF
• Where DC is the direct cost for access to the
  command and control system (attention, bandwidth,
  SA, etc.)
• And CF is a courtesy fee which is the added cost
  to participate through the etiquette of operation

• Intended Result
• - Distribution of external costs equitably
  (cooperative queue management)

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Pollaczek-Khintchine Expression
xi ci Wqi (x) Sj1 cjlj (xj)dWq(xmean)/dli(x
i) Ki
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Error Reduction Correlated to Number of
Communication Types
Mjos, 2001
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Etiquette and Aerospace Systems

• Current automated ATM systems do not support
  etiquette functions in human-human interaction
• Communication is asynchronous, loop closure is
  delayed (e.g. digital data link)
• Contract State Assurance is missing (shot clock
  and flash dash procedures)
• Queue Management Functions are missing
• Mechanisms for mediation are clumsy (data link
  stand-by message)
• Automation is blind to system-operator state

• Hypothesized Result Class of error Response
  under load

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Etiquette-based Automation Strategies

• Shared Cost for Access to Scarce Executive
  Function
• State-sensitive Intervention Strategies
• Interruptive Signaling and Adaptive Response
• Automation and Human Goal States as Scheduling
  Mechanism