Cultural Practices

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Cultural Practices

• Fertilization

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Nutrient Requirements

• 16 Essential Elements
• Macronutrients
• Primary- C, H, O, N, P, K
• Secondary-Ca, Mg, S,
• Micronutrients
• Fe, Mn, B, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cl

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Nutrients

• From Atmosphere and Water
• C Carbon
• HHydrogen
• Oxygen

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Nutrients

• From the addition of fertilizers
• N Nitrogen
• P Phosphorus
• K Potassium
• Ca Calcium
• Mg Magnesium
• S Sulfur

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Role of Nitrogen

• Proteins
• Amino acids
• Nucleic acids
• Chlorophyll

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Role of N in the soil

• Obtained by N cycle
• Amendments such as compost
• Organic matter
• Added as NH4 or NO3-

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N Cycle
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Role of Phosphorus

• Vital component of energy molecules such as ATP,
  NADP etc.
• Added to soils as phosphate fertilizers. Less
  available in acid soils.

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Role of Potassium

• Assists in sugar and nutrient transport by
  creating concentration gradients.
• Applied to soils as potash or K2O

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Roles of other nutients

• Calcium cementing agent for cells in area
  called the middle lamella.(Dolomite/Lime)
• Magnesium central atom of chlorophyll molecule
  (Dolomite)
• Sulfur important component of vital amino acids
  such as cystine and methionine (Sulfur)

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Minor Elements

• Iron Chlorophyll synthesis, added as chelated
  iron, unavailable in alkaline soils.

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Minor Elements

• Serve as catalysts in various biochemical
  reactions.
• Boron
• Manganese
• Copper
• Zinc
• Molybdenum
• Chlorine

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16 Essential Plant Nutrients

• CHOPKNS CaFe Mg B Mn CuZn Mo Cl.

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Fertilizers

• Compounds providing supplemental nutrients.
• Organic
• Natural
• Synthetic
• Inorganic/Chemical

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Terminology

• Fertilizer analysis or grade
• Three part number on bag/package
• Fertilizer ratio
• Lowest common multiple of analysis or grade
• Complete fertilizer
• Contains all three of the major elements N, P and
  K

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Terminology

• Balanced Fertilizer
• contains all three nutrients in equal amounts.
  (8-8-8)
• Single or Double nutrient Fertilizer
• Contains only one or two of the main nutrients
• 46-0-0 or 13-0-44.
• High Analysis-total nutrients over 30
• Low analysis-total less than 30

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Organic

• Derived from plant and animal by-products.
• Examples
• Manure
• Blood meal
• Bone meal
• Sewage sludge

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Organic-Characteritics

• Low analysis
• Low burn potential
• More material required per given rate
• May contain heavy metals such as cadmium and
  manganese

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Synthetic Organic

• High analysis
• Slow release
• Manufactured in combination with an organic
  carrier
• Low burn potential
• Use more material at higher rate to last longer
• Expensive

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Examples

• Urea
• Ureaform - Ureaformaldehyde
• IBDU Isobutylidene di-urea
• SCU sulfur coated urea

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Ureaformaldehyde

• N separated into 3 percentages
• CWSN cold water soluble
• CWIN cold water insoluble
• HWIN hot water insoluble

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Inorganic- Characteritics

• High analysis
• High burn potential
• Use less material per given rate

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Examples

• Ammonium sulfate
• Ammonium nitrate
• Calcium nitrate
• Ammonium phosphate
• Gypsum
• Epsom salts

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Formulations

• Liquids
• Soluble powder
• Granules
• Tablets

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Fertilizer Contents

• 100 bag of 10-20-30 contains
• 10 of N
• 20 of phosphate (P2O5)
• 30 of potash (K2O)

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Fertilizer Contents

• 100 bag of 10-20-30 contains
• 20 of phosphate (P2O5)
• 8.6 of actual P (20 x .43)
• 30 of Potash
• 24.9 of actual K (30 x .83)

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Fertilizer Application

• Frequency
• Timing
• Rate
• Application Method

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Fertilizer Application

• Frequency
• Small amounts weekly
• One time per year
• Most require 2x per year
• Use of slow release N fertilizers

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• Timing
• Applications per year
• Late spring warm season grasses
• Late summer cool season grasses
• Late season application to cool season grasses to
  promote color retention and minimize disease
  problems
• Late season N and Fe to bermudagrass could
  increase fall color retention (10-30 days prior
  to dormancy)

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• Timing
• Heavy applications of N in early spring could
  encourage spring and summer diseases
• Early to mid summer fertilization is to be
  avoided to reduce stress levels (cs)
• Late summer to early fall fertilization reduces
  cold hardiness in warm season grasses

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• Timing
• Influenced by disease and environmental tolerances

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P K

• Phosphorus required especially during
  establishment. 30/ac. Of phosphate minimum
  required.
• Potassium improves wear tolerance and reduces
  cold, heat and drought stress. Applied as K2SO4
  or KNO3.

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Methods of application

• Topdressing
• Pre-plant incorporation
• Side dressing
• Needle/Drill - subsurface
• Foliar
• Injection

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Fertilizer rates

• Use of high N fertilizers
• Applied at rates of 0.5-2 of actual N/1000 ft2
• Applied with drop or rotary spreader in
  overlapping pattern

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Turfgrass Fertilizers

• High N
• 22-5-10
• 18-6-12

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Rate Calculation

• Turfgrass fertilization based on actual N per
  1,000 square feet of turf.

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Rate Calculation

• How much 25-10-10 is required to provide a rate
  of 1 of actual N per 1000 sq. ft.?

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Rate Calculation

• (x) 0.25 1
• X 1/0.25
• X 4 of 25-10-10 is applied per 1,000 ft. of
  turf

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Review Question

• How much of each major nutrient (N, P and K) is
  in an 80 bag of 20-5-10?
• How much of the 20-5-10 is needed to provide an
  application rate of 2 of actual N/1000 ft2?
• If your lawn measures 20 x 10, how much of the
  20-5-10 will be required for this area at the
  rate given above?

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Review Question

• How much fertilizer will be required to cove a 30
  acre park at the same rate?
• Compute the cost of fertilizing a 40 acre park at
  a rate of 12s of actual N per 1000 ft2 per year
  using a 25-5-5 material costing 180 per ton.

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Review Question

• If it costs 50,000.00 to provide fertilizer for
  a 150 acre park using a 16-6-8 fertilizer costing
  100.00 per ton and assuming no wastage, how much
  actual N/1000 ft2 was applied?

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Review Question

• You have a 18-5-10 liquid fertilizer which
  contains 2 of N/gallon.
• You are to apply at a rate of 0.25 of actual
  N/1000 ft2.
• Your green measures 5,000 ft2.
• How much of the 18-5-10 will be needed for this
  area?

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Solution

• 0.25/.18/2 .69 gal/1000 ft2.
• .69 x 5 3.47 gal. / 5,000 ft2.

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Review Question

• You have a 20-0-2 fertilizer containing 2 of N
  /gallon.
• You are to apply this on 20 acres at a rate of
  0.75 of actual N/1000 ft2.
• How many gallons of 20-0-2 are needed?