Concentrates

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Concentrates

• AVS466
• Dairy Cattle Nutrition

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Concentrates

• Supplement forages
• Needed for high production
• More costly source of nutrients
• Normally produced off farm
• In general they provide
• Energy
• Protein - especially by-pass
• Minerals
• Fat soluble vitamins
• Lower Fiber
• Must be palatable to get the DMI needed for high
  production

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Types of Concentrates

• Cereal Grains
• Barley, corn, milo, oats, rye and wheat
• 80 of the energy in these feeds comes from
  starches
• Protein Sources
• Plant or animal sources, how ever animal sources
  are greatly reduce since the controls on BSE
• Use various source to balance rumen degradability
  and amino acid balance
• By-Product Feeds
• Secondary material generated from the processing
  of a primary product
• Most common are the result of milling cereal
  grains
• Process determine analysis and use
• Dryness, fat, protein, starch, fiber etc.

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Whole Grains
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Whole Grains

• Protein
• WheatgtBarleygtOatsgtCorn
• Deg Protein
• OatsgtWheatgtBarleygtCorn
• Energy
• WheatgtCorngtBarleygtOats
• Fiber
• OatsgtBarleygtWheatgtCorn
• Degradability of starch
• OatsgtWheatgtBarleygtCorn

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US Grain Standards

• Fullness of the seeds
• Amount of broken kernels
• Hest Damage
• Foreign material
• Weed seeds

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Barley Standards
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Dry Processing Methods

• Increase the surface area for digestion 
• Grinding
• Done in a hammer mill
• Fineness depends on screen size
• Consistent particle size 
• Dry Rolling
• A lot of variation in particle size, everything
  from cracked kernels to fines
• Particle size depends on roll weight, pressure
  and roll space
• Commonly used for ruminants

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Hammer Mill
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Dry Rolling
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Heat and Moisture Processing Methods

• Pelleting
• Ingredients must be finely ground
• Reduces fiber effectiveness
• Mix must have sufficient fiber to bind the
  pellets
• Can't use very fibrous by-products like beet
  pulp, soyhulls etc
• Ground then heat or steam applied in the
  pelleting process
• Increases digestibility of the feed
• Increases undegradability
• Extruded through die
• Increases the density - Decreases the fines
• Increases palatabilty
• Improves feed efficiency 
• Binder added to make ingredients to stick
• Bentonite
• Increases expense

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Pelleting
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Hay Cubes
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Heat and Moisture Processing Methods

• Steam Rolling
• Kernels steamed to soften them up then they are
  rolled
• Seeds remain relatively whole but looked crimped
• Reduces fines
• Steam Flaking
• Grain is exposed to high pressure steam then
  rolled into a thin flake
• Much longer steaming than steam rolling

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Steam Rolling
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Heat and Moisture Processing Methods

• Roasting
• Grain is heated in a roaster to about 300 degrees
  F
• Used on soybean to kill the proteinase inhibitors
  
• Some gelatinization of the starches occurs which
  increases digestibility 
• Decreases rumen digestibility, More by-pass
  protein and starch
• Popping
• Grain is exposed to a very dry heat 700 degrees F
  
• Product has very low moisture content
• Increase by-pass and digestibility

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Heat and Moisture Processing Methods

• Extruding
• Heat and pressure applied by the use of a tapered
  screw
• Some oil usually squeezed out. Produces ribbons
  of product which crumble to flakes

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Extruding
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High Moisture Grains

• Grains that are harvested before they dry down
  completely
• Good in areas like Maine where the weather may
  not cooperate
• Unstable because of their moisture content
• Must be ensiled
• Removal rate from the face is important because
  whole grains allow lots of air through the pile
• Minimal processing required prior to ensiling 
• Rapidly degraded in the rumen - Offset by coarser
  preparation 
• However must be fine enough to prevent sorting
• Processed using a roller mill 

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Effects of Processing
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Byproducts

• More inexpensive than grains
• Many different sources
• Products of the milling
• Food refinement
• Brewing
• Oil extraction
• Leftovers
• Fiber production
• Consider composition
• Energy, Protein, Fiber, Water
• Variability
• Quality
• Good Rule of Thumb - Limit any byproduct to
  20-25 of concentrate mix

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By-product Sources

• Products of the milling - Middlings, Corn gluten
  feed, bran, soy hulls
• Food refinement -Citrus Pulp, broccoli, grape
  pomace, beet pulp
• Brewing - Brewers grains, distillers grains,
• Oil extraction - SBM, CSM, canola meal
• Leftovers - bread, bakery waste, chocolate
• Fiber production, Whole cottonseed, linseed meal

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Milling or Energy By-Products

• Watch fiber levels and digestibility
• Can be inexpensive
• Examples
• Beet pulp 
• Hominy - 
• Bran (wheat, rice, corn) 
• Soybean Hulls 
• Wheat mill run 

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Dry Wheat Milling
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Wheat By-Products

• Flour - 72 of the total
• Wheat Bran -Outer layer (45 of the non flour
  portion)
• Wheat Middlings (40) - Aleurone
• Wheat Mill Run - Blend of bran and mids
• Shorts - Fine particles of bran, germ, flour, and
  mill tailings
• Red Dog - (4) - Mainly tailings, very floury
• Wheat Germ - High protein and oil

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Wheat Bran
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Wheat Mids
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Corn Mill Feeds

• Dry Milling Products
• Hominy Feed
• Bran, germ and some starchy portions
• Also known as grits
• Corn Flour
• Fine, hard, flinty portion with not germ or bran
• Corn Bran
• Corn Germ

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Hominy
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Wet Milling Products

• Byproducts of corn starch or corn syrup
  production
• Endosperm which has had the starch removed so
  that all that is left is the protein matrix
• High protein
• Corn Gluten Meal - Starch, germ and bran removed
• Corn Gluten Feed - Gluten meal plus bran - more
  fiber

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67.0 lb 5.3 lb
12.2 lb 3.8 lb 7.1 lb
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Corn Gluten Feed
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Corn Gluten Meal
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Plant Protein By-products

• Relatively high in protein
• If heated high in UIP
• More fiber
• Poorer amino acid balance, mix from several
  sources (ie. corn, soy etc) to balance
• Consider other ingredients
• Examples
• Brewers grains dried and wet
• Distillers grains
• Malt sprouts
• Soybean meal - Solvent Extracted or Extruded
• Cottonseed meal
• Whole cottonseed
• Canola meal
• Linseed meal
• Hydrolyzed Feather Meal
• Fish Meal

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Corn Distillers Grain With Solubles
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Brewers Grain
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Canola Meal
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Soybean Meal
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Whole Cottonseed
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Cottonseed Meal
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Animal Protein By-products

• By-product of slaughter facilities
• Virtually eliminated use in dairy rations due to
  Mad Cow scare
• Only non-ruminant sources
• Increased record keeping
• Extremely high protein and UIP
• 50-80 protein, 60-85 UIP
• High in Calcium and Phosphorus
• Examples
• Meat and bone meal
• Blood Meal
• Hydrolyzed feather meal
• Meat meal
• Fish meal

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Meat and Bone Meal
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Blood Meal
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Fish Meal
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By-product Roughages

• Especially important when forages are short
• Too fiberous for most milking cow diets
• Palatability
• Examples
• Beet Pulp
• Cottonseed hulls
• Soy hulls
• Peanut hulls
• Corn cobs
• Rice hulls
• Almond hulls

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Beet Pulp Pellets
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Other By-products

• Consider the analysis
• Don't feed too much
• Examples
• Whey
• Tallow
• Grease
• Chocolate
• Cull Potatoes
• Bakery waste

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Whey
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Cull Potatoes
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Options in Feeding Concentrates

• Completely premixed
• Commodity(s) and premixed supplement hybrid
• Complete commodity feeding

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Complete premixed

• Grist or pellet
• Convenience at a price
• Costs and additional 20-40 per ton
• Feed company gives better service
• Best option for smaller farms
• Stall barns with individual feeding
• For people who dont want to be a commodity
  broker or nutritionist
• Reduced labor requirements and expertise by farm
• Easiest of method of feeding concentrates
• Reduced storage costs
• Usually feed one mix to the milking herd

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Protein Concentration

• Complete grains sold by protein concentration
• 20 grain is 20 protein on an as fed basis.
• 22 on a DM basis
• Only decision to make is what protein level is
  best for herd.

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Grain Selection Based on Forages
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Feed Mill

• Feed mill will offer a variety of grains with the
  same protein content
• Differences
• Price
• Fiber content - by-product feeds
• Whole grains vs by-products
• NSC vs ADF
• By-pass protein level
• NPN - Urea added
• Consistency of mix

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Terminology

• Least Cost Formulations
• Cheapest combination of ingredients that meet
  requirements
• Each time mill buy feed the ingredients
  formulation may change
• Rumen bugs may have to adapt.
• Fixed Formulations
• The formulation is much less likely to change.
• Price will vary with ingredient costs over time.
• Not as great a chance that the rumen bugs will
  have to adapt.

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Commodity(s) and Premixed Supplement Hybrid

• Common in Maine and US
• Grow grains/soybeans and supplement the rest
• Buy corn or barley and a high protein pellet
• 28 - 40 protein premixes
• Some of the advantages of other two
• Buy in bulk
• Store large quantities
• Increases work Formulation and buying
• Reduces costs
• Option for large and small farms
• Freestall and Tie up operations
• Can more closely meet animal demands
• Changes can be made more quickly

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Complete Commodity Feeding

• Offers the greatest flexibility
• Best option for large farms
• More closely meet requirements of each group
• Mix many different rations for the entire herd
• Buy large quantities
• Storage facilities
• Large inventory of feedstuffs
• You have to be your own broker and keep up on
  feed prices
• Work with a consultant