sulfite

1
sulfite
Polyatomic ions are charged building blocks
2-
O
(Sulfite) (SO3)2- Often listed in ingredients as
sulfur dioxide (SO2) however, in contact with
water this becomes sulfurous acid (H2SO3), which
in water breaks into 2H and (SO3)2-
(sulfite). Preservative and antioxidant in food
and wine.

S
O
O
Over exposure to sulfites in food may cause an
asthmatic attack. 1 out 100 people are sensitive
to sulfite causing allergic reactions. Some
people have died.
sulfate
A. Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 or 2H SO42-
(Sulfate) B. Calcium sulfate CaSO4
(Gypsum-drywall) (White Sands, NM) (casts) C.
Magnesium Sulfate MgSO4 (Epson salts) D. Barium
Sulfate BaSO4 (contrast medium for xrays) E.
Copper sulfate is an algaecide.
2-
A
B
D
O
O
S
O
O
Ammonia (NH3) and Ammonium (NH4) Ammonia is
created in the body from digestion of proteins
and amino acids. If theres an excess of
nitrogen, the body converts it to urea, which is
less toxic. Urea is expelled in the urine. Some
babies are born without the enzymes to convert
ammonia to urea, so they develop hyperammonemia,
which is fatal or will cause brain damage.

-
-
N
A
N
-
-
-
-
-
An acid A will give a proton (hydrogen nucleus)
to ammonia to make the ammonium ion
Ammonium nitrate Fertilizer, explosivesAmmoniu
m chloride conducts electricity inside dry-cell
batteries. Also used in cough medicines to hide
the taste of bitter tasting medicines.
Cellulose acetate made from acetic acid and
cellulose (wood fiber) used to make clear
plastic, fabrics, and movie film (celluloid)
Acetic acid (vinegar) splits into acetate
(C2H3O2)- and H . Other compounds replace H
with a different positive ion.
Acetic acid splits into acetate (C2H3O2)- and H
-
Ammonium acetate NH4C2H3O2 is used in permanent
waves products.
C
O
C
-
-
-
O
Zinc acetate in lozenges to fight colds.
Sodium acetate NaC2H3O2 is used for instant
heating pads. By breaking a capsule a seed
crystal of sodium acetate allows the
crystallization of the supercooled liquid sodium
acetate.
Calcium acetate Ca(C2H3O2)2 is used as a
thickener in batters, butter, puddings, pie
fillers. It also is used to adjust acidity (pH)
of foods and to preserve foods.
2
Chlorine/Oxygen polyatomic ionsChlorine combines
with itself by sharing its 7th valence electron.
However, oxygen has 6 valence electrons, so one
more electron is needed to complete the shell of
eight Chlorate perchlorate are strong
oxidizers, meaning they can provide oxygen to
accelerate combustion. On heating, metallic
chlorates perchlorates turn into salt plus
oxygen, useful for fireworks explosives There
is a mineral called chlorite, but it has no
chlorite in it. Ammonium perchlorate is in
explosives and rocket propellant. Sodium
hypochlorite is the active ingredient of
household bleach.
Cl2 (ClO)- (ClO2)- (ClO3)-
(ClO4)-
chlorate
-
-
-
-
O
chlorine
-
Cl
O
Cl
O
Cl
N2 (NO2)- (NO3)-
Nitrates and nitrites are results of waste
decomposition. They contaminate the ground
water. They can also form from NO and NO2 gas
pollution. They are oxidizers.
Nitrate
Nitrite
Too much nitrate in rivers and lakes...
N
N
Ammonium nitrate is used as fertilizer and
explosive
...accelerate algae growth which chokes other
life.
Sodium (or potassium) nitrite and nitrate are
food preservatives
In the past, potassium nitrate was extracted from
barnyard soils and used in gunpowder
Potassium nitrate is an ingredient of gunpowder
cyanide CN-
hydrogen cyanide HCN
Cyanide CN- is found in solution. Hydrogen
cyanide HCN is the gas.
The seeds and pits of apricots, cherries,
almonds, peaches, and apples contain amygdalin.
Inside the intestine bacteria can convert this to
cyanide. Under the name of Laetrile, amygdalin
has been proposed as a treatment for cancer,
but themedical communityhas rejected thisclaim.
-
N
C
-
N
C
-
Gas chambers used a pesticide called Zyklon B,
which decomposed to HCN. First used in camps to
delouse and for Typhus.
Cassava is an important food source for 500
million people, but the roots contain a substance
that, when eaten, can trigger the production of
cyanide. Only proper cooking can neutralize the
substance.