Feed Additives for Swine

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Feed Additives for Swine
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Feed Additives

• By definition, these products do not supply
  nutrients
• Not listed in feed composition tables
• Since 1960, FDA has regulated feed additive
  incorporation into animal diets
• Prevention of cancer in human/animal

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Feed Additives

• Include products intended to promote animal
  health
• Prevention/treatment of disease
• Growth promotion
• Both

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Feed Additives

• Some additives can leave residues in the muscle
  tissues
• Withdrawal times prior to slaughter
• Must choose correct additive for stage of
  production

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Feed Additives

• Antibiotics/Chemotherapeutics
• Probiotics
• Organic acids
• Pharmacological levels of minerals
• Flavoring agents
• Enzymes
• Mold inhibitors

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Antibiotics/Chemotherapeutics

• Against life or destructive to life
• Natural compound synthesized by living organisms
  or chemically synthesized compounds

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Antibiotics/Chemotherapeutics

• For over 50 years antibiotics and
  chemotherapeutics have been used in the animal
  feed industry
• Approximately 80 of poultry and 75 of swine
  raised in U.S. are estimated to have been fed
  these at some point during production

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Antibiotics/Chemotherapeutics

• Used for approximately 50 years
• Very affective in nursery diets (gt15 improvement
  in performance)
• Moderate effect in grow-finish (0-5)
• Little effect in sow diets unless a problem
• Greatest effect in herds with poor management,
  health problems, etc
• Used only where economical

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Antibiotics/Chemotherapeutics

• Sub-therapeutic low levels for long periods of
  time
• growth enhancement
• disease prevention
• Therapeutic high levels for short periods of
  time
• stop a disease/condition

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Antibiotics/Chemotherapeutics

• Huge concern over the development of
  antibiotic-resistant bacteria
• New antibiotics can not be used in both humans
  and livestock
• Europe allows few now, none in near future
• Companies considering exiting business
• FDA reluctant to approve new ones

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Probiotics

• Mixtures of living bacteria and/or yeasts
• Increase population of good microbes to
  decrease population of bad microbes
• Lactobacillus is most common
• Have to be acid and bile tolerant to arrive
  viable in the small intestine
• Extremely variable responses
• Inclusion rate impacts response
• Must introduce enough (gt106 CFU) bacteria to
  impact GIT population

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Organic Acids

• Mainly added in starter (nursery) diets
• Suppose to lower stomach pH to
• increase pepsin activity
• decrease rate of stomach emptying
• reduce proliferation of pathogens
• Variable and economics are questionable
  considering response

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Pharmacological levels of minerals

• Usually Zn and Cu
• Generally included in nursery diets
• Inexpensive
• Future use uncertain due to heavy mineral output
  in fecal material
• Manure application high mineral in soils

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Flavoring agents

• Many nutritionists consider foo foo dust
• Generally used in nursery diets
• Theory is they increase diet palatability and
  acceptability
• ? feed intake and ? gain

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Enzymes

• Beta-glucanase and arabinoxylanase improve
  digestion of barley/wheat diets
• Hemicelluases/cellulases little impact on
  digestion
• Phytases help with P utilization in corn based
  diets
• Efficacy is an issue
• Stomach cant differentiate between protein from
  feed and protein from enzymes

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Mold inhibitors

• Molds produce mycotoxins
• Mycotoxins are what cause the problems
• Mold inhibitors only stop future mold growth
  mycotoxin production
• It does nothing to existing mycotoxins
• Nothing commercially available to help with
  mycotoxins common in the upper Midwest

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Future of Feed Additives

• Antibiotics/chemotherapeutics use may be severely
  restricted
• Antibiotic resistance
• Anything with high mineral may be restricted
• Soil/water pollution

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Antibiotic Resistance

• Use does NOT induce resistance
• Use kills sensitive bacteria and selects for
  resistant bacteria
• Selects for resistant bacteria that then
  participate in gene transfer to create strains
  with resistance to increased of
  antibiotics/chemotherapeutics

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Future of Feed Additives

• Nutraceuticals
• Prebiotics
• Probiotics
• Immunomodulators
• Bioactive peptides (proteins)
• Change management systems
• Biosecurity
• Low protein diets