Do You Ever Feel Like Throwing Darts Would Work When Trying To Figure Out What To Do Next In Herd He

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Do You Ever Feel Like Throwing Darts Would Work
When Trying To Figure Out What To Do Next In Herd
Health Failures?
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Cattle Health 101 Understanding Outcome

• Dee Griffin
• (with a big thanks to Dr. Lou Perino)

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The Subject

• Who, What, Why, How, etc
• Mostly it is about rolling the dice
• Changing the odds
• Knowledge no Information
• Herd Health Programs The Costs of Mistakes

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First the KnowledgeA Little About Vaccines,
Immunity, Herd Health Programs
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Immunology-Vaccine Principles, Optimizing
Vaccination, Lifetime Effects FPT, Cost of
Mistakes
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IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES definitions

• INJECTION to force a fluid into (antibiotic,
  vitamin, vaccine, etc.)
• VACCINATION inject with a vaccine
• IMMUNIZATION to render not affected or
  responsive
• (protected from disease due to infection)

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IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES

• INJECTION VACCINATION
• VACCINATION ? IMMUNIZATION
• IMMUNIZATION REQUIRES.
• Effective vaccine
• Immunocompetent calf

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IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES

• For VACCINATION IMMUNIZATION
• requires an IMMUNE RESPONSE
• IMMUNE REPONSE Cognition Self from Non-Self
  Presentation Activation Clonal Expansion
  Differentiation Effect Killing Virus Infected
  Cell Antibody Prod.

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Immune System Diagram
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Immune System At Work
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IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES

• USING THIS INFORMATION
• make sure your clients have the ingredients for a
  protective immune response
• EFFECTIVE VACCINE RESPONSIVE CALF
• mounting an immune response has a
  METABOLIC COST
• mounting an immune response is complicated
  subject to
• SUPPRESSION
• mounting an immune response
  TAKES TIME

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OPTIMIZING VACCINATION

• Herd Immunity
• Right Bug??
• Vaccine Handling
• Vaccine Delivery
• Timing

• Challenge Dose
• Calf Maturity
• Nutrition?
• Parasites?
• Genetics?
• Distress

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OPTIMIZING VACCINATION

• Herd Immunity
• Vaccine can be working even if individual
  cattle are diseased
• Works well with highly contagious diseases (e.g.
  IBR, Brucellosis)
• Not as effective with lowly contagious diseases
  (e.g. tetanus)

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OPTIMIZING VACCINATION

• Right Bug
• Disease complexes
• e.g.. Viral BRD IBR, BVD, BRSV, PI3
• adenovirus, coronavirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus,
  reovirus, MCF virus.
• Changes in the bugs
• (antigenic instability)
• e.g.. BVD, influenza virus
• most are fairly stable

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OPTIMIZING VACCINATION

• Vaccine Handling
• Temperature abuse
• Ultraviolet light (sunlight)
• Disinfectants

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OPTIMIZING VACCINATION

• Vaccine Delivery
• Subcutaneous when available
• Intramuscular in neck only
• Proper restraint
• Correct needle size length
• Needle changes
• Sanitation

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OPTIMIZING VACCINATION

• Timing
• BRD incubation time 7 to 10 days
• Immune response takes 3 -10 days Longer with
  naive calves.
• Peaks in 2 to 4 weeks ... Greatest effect when
  repeated

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Vaccine Titers
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OPTIMIZING VACCINATION

• Challenge Dose
• Even a normally protective level of immunity can
  be overwhelmed
• This is bad but disease may not last as long or
  be as severe.
• But could be good if vaccine overcomes protection
  to improve immunity (booster and maternal
  block)

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Challenge Diagram
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Challenge Immunization Diagram
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OPTIMIZING VACCINATION

• Calf Factors
• -- Maturity -- Genetics
• -- History
• (parasites, nutrition, previous vaccines)

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Immunity vs Age
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Immunity vs Age
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OPTIMIZING VACCINATION

• Calf Factors
• Genetics examples
• bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency
• IBR clinical severity interferon genotype

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OPTIMIZING VACCINATION

• Calf Factors
• History
• parasites - immunosuppressive
• nutrition - take care of basics
• (protein, energy, water, vit, min)
• previous vaccines-
• PREEXPOSURE IMMUNIZATION

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OPTIMIZING VACCINATION

• Distress
• some are inevitable
• many are avoidable
• ELIMINATE the avoidable
• SHIFT the inevitable so they dont all happen at
  the same time

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Response to Stress Stress plays a large part in
the disease
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OPTIMIZING VACCINATION

• Calf Factors
• PREEXPOSURE IMMUNIZATION
• giving the vaccine before disease challenge
  immunosuppression instead of after disease
  challenge during immunosuppression
• reduces sickness death

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OPTIMIZING VACCINATION

• PRE-EXPOSURE IMMUNIZATION
• Will rarely make disease rate zero
• If disease rate is low, hard to see effect
• Effectiveness ? Cost effectiveness

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Vaccine Titers
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Now A Little InformationThe Costs of Mistakes
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Growth Effects

• Weaning weight (- 35 lb)
• Neonatal sick calves 456
• Neonatal well calves 491
• Feedlot ADG (- 0.09 lb)
• Respiratory sickness 2.27
• No Respiratory sickness 2.36

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Colostrum Absorption

• Normal Passive Transfer (NPT)
• gt1600 mg/dl (TPP gt7)
• Partial Failure of Passive Transfer (PFPT)
• 800 to 1600 mg/dl (TPP 5 to 7)
• Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT)
• lt800 mg/dl (TPP lt5 )

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Colostrum Absorption

• Immunoglobulins IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG IgM
• Immunoglobulins in cattle colostrum protect
  against all disease-organisms. 
• Levels of Ig 10 -20 X greater than human

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Colostrum Pasteurization
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Colostrum Absorption
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Colostrum Absorption
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Colostrum Absorption
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FAILURE OF PASSIVE TRANSFER (FPT)

• When the calf/cow team doesnt get the job done
  in the first 24 hrs of life.
• Determined by measuring levels of antibodies
  (disease fighting proteins) or protein in the
  blood of the calf.
• FPT Prevalence
• Study 1 21 Study 2 23
• Commercial herd in NE 29 31

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PASSIVE TRANSFER RESEARCH

• Group 1
• 48 calves from 48 four-breed composite first-calf
  cows
• Sampled at birth
• (0 hr) 24 hrs
• Health monitored from birth to weaning

• Group 2
• 263 calves from 203 multiple breed cows of
  varying ages
• Part of a herd selected for a high rate of
  multiple births
• Sampled at 10 24 hr
• Health growth monitored from birth to slaughter

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HEALTH EFFECT OUTCOMES

• NEONATAL birth to 28 days
• PREWEANING birth to weaning
• FEEDLOT weaning to 242 days on feed

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PREWEANING SICKNESS rates by passive transfer
status in 48 calves,1st-calf-cows (50-0-10)
(P0.0004, FPT RR9.5)
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PREWEANING SICKNESS rates by passive transfer
status in 263 calves (60-20-183) (Plt0.05, FPT
OR5.4)
??? Slide Title
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PRE-CONDITIONINGHansen etal, AgriPractice 92
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NEONATAL SICKNESS rates by passive transfer
status in 263 calves(60-20-183) Plt0.05, FPT
OR6.4)
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PREWEANING SICKNESS rates by passive transfer
status in 263 calves (60-0-183) (Plt0.05, FPT
OR3.2, PFPT OR3.6)
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FEEDLOT RESPIRATORY SICKNESS rates by passive
transfer status in 263 calves (60-20183)
(Plt0.05, PP OR3.0)
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Making a Mistake is Expensive
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Lung Lesions
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Data from Different Sources
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Look At The Numbers
BE-LUNG
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QuestionsWhy, When, What, Where

• Why
• Increase Price
• Decrease Problems
• Change Market Timing
• When
• Pre-weaning?
• Weaning
• Post-weaning Pasture

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QuestionsWhy, When, What, Where

• What
• Age
• Genetics
• Where
• Location of cattle
• Location of markets
• Immune Management

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Thoughts On Herd Health Management Programs
Growing Herd
Mature Herd
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Processing Plan / Grid
Processing Plan
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Dealing With Disease

• Find Sick Cattle Early

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Dealing With Disease

• Selecting Medications
• (AbSelUse2.doc)
• (RxA_BEv.xls)

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Save a Cow Eat a Vegetarian
Good Luck To You
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Enjoy the flavor of Nebraska
Quality Assured.