Be able to form sentences expressing parallel activities'

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JPN 105 Lesson 5 Objectives

• Be able to form sentences expressing parallel
  activities.
• Be able to form sentences expressing
  paradoxical activities.
• Be able to apply conjunctions in forming
  compound sentences.
• Be able to apply adverbs and to form adverbs
  from other word forms.
• Be able to form sentences that express the
  reason for going somewhere.

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Lesson Overview
In addition to discussing parallel activities,
paradoxes, conjunctions, adverbs, and expressions
of purpose, we look briefly at expression dealing
with weather
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Parallel Activities

• The particle nagara (while, as, although, in
  spite of) is used to indicate simultaneous or
  parallel activity
• After infinitive form of verb
• Itsumo rajio o kiki-nagara nemurimasu.
• I usually fall asleep while listening to the
  radio.
• Yakusoku o shi-nagara amari mamorimasen.
• Although he makes promises he seldom keeps them.
• After dictionary form of adjectives
• Kono maikon wa chiisai-nagara takusan kinoo
  arimasu.
• Although this microcomputer is small it has many
  features.
• After an adjectival noun (na-adjective) verbs
• Byooki nagara yatte kimashita.
• I came in spite of illness (yatte kuru to come
  along)

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Paradox

• There are two forms used to express paradox
• . . . tari, . . . tari shite
• . . . shi . . . shi

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Paradox ( tari, tari shite)

• The tari . . . tari shite form is used to
  express the idea of do things like or
  sometimes this, sometimes that
• After the stem of a te form verb
• Kanojo wa yoku naitari waratari shimasu.
• She often cries and laughs in turn.
• After the stem of a ta form of adjective
• Eiga wa omoshirokutari tsumaranakutari
  shimashita.
• The movie was sometimes interesting,
  sometimes boring.
• After adjectival noun (da tari dattari)
• Kare wa shinsetsu dattari hakujo dattari
  suru.
• He is sometimes kind and sometimes
  cold-hearted.

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Paradox ( shi, shi)

• The . . . shi . . . shi form is used for and in
  addition and whats more
• Add to plain past tense of verb
• Kaimono o shita-shi, kuruma o aratta-shi, nihongo
  mo bekyoo shimashita.
• I went shopping, washed the car, and studied
  Japanese.
• Kuruma o nusumareta-shi, saifu o naku natta-shi,
  inu ni kamaremashita.
• My car was stolen, I lost my wallet, and whats
  more, I was bitten by a dog.

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Conjunctions

• Conjunctions are words that tie clauses together
  in sentences
• ga
• kara
• keredo
• no ni
• to

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Conjunctions (ga)

• Ga means but, or although and implies
  despite the circumstances (Note this is not
  the subject marker ga)
• Contrary reasoning
• Oishikatta desu ga, tabenakatta.
• It was delicious, but I did not eat it.
• Neutral connector (here ga means and)
• Bosuton e itta ga, subarashittta desu.
• I went to Boston and it was splendid.

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Conjunctions (kara)

• Here, kara means because or since
• Isogashii kara ikemasen.
• Because I am busy, I cant go.
• Ame da kara soto ni dekakenai.
• Because it is rain(ing), I cant go outside.

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Conjunctions (keredo)

• keredo is used as a neutral connector
• Hon o yonda keredo, omoshirokatta desu.
• I read a book and it was interesting.
• keredo is also used to indicate contrary
  reasoning with the meaning but, although,
  however
• Yonda keredo, wakaranakatta.
• Although I read it, I did not understand it.

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Conjunctions (no ni)

• no ni is used to show strong contrast and means
  in spite of or although
• Benkyoo shita no ni, mada hanasenai.
• Although I studied it, I still cant speak it.
• Biiru o nomisugita no ni, byooki ni naranakatta.
• Although I drank too much beer, I didnt get
  sick.

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Conjunctions (to)

• to means if or when when used in the sense of
  under what conditions or circumstances
• Mainichi tsukau to, sugu hanasemasu.
• (If) when you study everyday, soon you will be
  able to speak it.
• Sashimi o taberu to, oishii to iu koto sugu
  wakarimasu.
• (When) if you eat sashimi, you will immediately
  understand that it is delicious.

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Adverbs

• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other
  adverbs they indicate time, place, manner and
  degree
• As in English, some words can be used as adverbs
  in one sentence and some other part of speech in
  another sentence.
• place koko, soko, asoko
• time saikin (recently) yagate (soon)
• manner/degree hayaku, osoku
• To form adverbs from adjectives drop final i
  and add -ku
• hayai ? hayaku
• To form from na-adjective, Add ni after the
  na-adjective
• shinsetsu na (kind) ? shinsetsu na ni (kindly)

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Purpose (infinitive ni verb)

• The infinitive form of a verb ni a verb
  (usually iku or kuru) expresses purpose for going
  or coming
• Eiga o mi ni ikimashita.
• I went to see a movie.
• Tabe ni kimashita.
• I came to eat.
• Asoko ni benkyoo shi ni ikimashita.
• I went there to study.

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The Weather (tenki)

• No new grammar construction relating to weather
• kumoru to become cloudy
• kumori cloudy
• hareru to clear up
• hare clear weather
• hare tokidoki kumori clear, sometimes cloudy
• kumori tokidoki hare cloudy, sometimes clear
• hi ga tete vs. hi ga dete
• kaminari naku the sound of thunder
• kaminari ochiru thunder (lightening) falls
• inazumi