APAG Ch' 6 Civil Rights: Beyond Equal Protection

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APAG Ch. 6 Civil RightsBeyond Equal Protection
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• 1. _________ gives special consideration to
  traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort
  to overcome past discrimination.

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• Affirmative Action

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• 2. What would be the problem with extending
  minority status to all minorities and women?

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• It would include two-thirds of the American
  population.

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• 3. What was eliminated in affirmative actions
  plans as a result of the Supreme Court case
  Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena?

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• Quotas

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• 4. What was the result of the Bakke case?

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• Race could not be the sole factor in admissions
  to colleges.

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• 5. What is the charge that some affirmative
  action programs discriminate against
  non-minorities called?

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• Reverse discrimination.

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• 6. What was Californias Proposition 209?

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• An amendment to the state constitution that ended
  all state-sponsored affirmative action programs
  in their state.

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• 7. The _________ prohibits age discrimination
  against people without a valid occupational
  reason.

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• The Age Discrimination In Employment Act of 1967.

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• 8. Bilingual education programs are the result of
  government policies favoring ________.

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• Multiculturalism.

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• 9. How does the population under the age of 16
  compare today with the colonial times?

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• In the colonial times half of the population was
  under 16. Today that number is less than 25.

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• 10. What is the fast growing age group in the
  U.S. today?

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• Age 65 or over.

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• 11. Which group are most bilingual education
  programs designed for?

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• Hispanic children.

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• 12. What did the Supreme Court rule in Lau v.
  Nichols?

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• Children have a right to bilingual education
  programs.

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• 13. What did the Supreme Court rule in the
  California case ending bilingual education
  programs?

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• It ruled that ending bilingual education did not
  violate the equal protection clause.

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• 14. _______ invalidated Colorado
  anti-discrimination laws that protect homosexuals.

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• Romer v. Evans

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• 15. _________ upheld a Georgia law that declared
  homosexual conduct a crime.

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• Bowers v. Hardwick

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• 16. What did state courts do as a result of the
  Bowers v. Hardwick case?

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• The state courts have invalidated sodomy statutes
  as a violation of privacy.

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• 17. What is the goal of the National Gay and
  Lesbian Task Force?

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• To have state sodomy laws repealed.

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• 18. What is the goal of the Human Rights Campaign
  Fund?

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• To pass federal gay rights laws.

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• 19. In 2002, the Supreme Court decided that _____
  syndrome does not constitute a disability under
  the Americans with Disabilities Act.

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• Carpal tunnel syndrome

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• 20. What is the basis for most charges of
  discrimination filed with the EEOC?

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• Race discrimination.

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• 21. What did the Supreme Court rule in 1998 about
  Aids?

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• It ruled that persons infected with HIV are
  protected under the Americans with Disabilities
  Act.

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• 22. What did the Americans with disabilities Act
  of 1990 require of public buildings and services?

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• It required physical access to public buildings
  and public services.

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• 23. What were children granted as a result of
  Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

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• Children were granted the status of
  rights-bearing persons.

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• 24. To date, _____ openly gay men and lesbians
  have served in the U.S. House of Representatives.

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• 11

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• 25. What did the Hawaii Supreme Court rule about
  same-sex marriages?

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• It ruled that they violated the state
  constitution.

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• 26. What was the federal response to the Hawaii
  decision that bans on same-sex marriages violated
  their protection under Hawaiis state
  constitution?

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• The passage of the Defense of Marriage Act.

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• 27. What did the Defense of Marriage Act state?

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• It bans federal recognition of lesbian and gay
  couples.

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• 28. How do most states feel about child custody
  and visitation rights when it comes to gays and
  lesbians?

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• Most states do NOT deny custody or visitation
  solely on the basis of sexual orientation.

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• 29. What did the Vermont Supreme Court rule in
  1999 about gays and lesbians?

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• It ruled that gay and lesbian couples are
  entitled to the same benefits of marriage as
  opposite-sex couples.

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• 30. What did Vermont create that allowed same-sex
  couples to receive the same STATE benefits that
  married couples received?

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• Civil Unions

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• 31. What is the largest group of individuals in
  the United States that have the least amount of
  rights and protections?

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• Children

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• 32. Which amendment to the Constitution extended
  the right to vote to individuals 18 years old and
  older?

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• 26th Amendment

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• 33. What does majority refer to in cases of
  private contract rights?

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• The legal age of an adult.

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• 34. What is law that defines crimes and
  punishment called?

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• Criminal law.

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• 35. What did the Supreme Court rule about
  children in reGault?

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• It ruled that children have a constitutional
  right to be represented by counsel at government
  expense in criminal matters.

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• 36. Why are childrens rights not protected?

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• It is assumed that they are protected by their
  parents.

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• 37. What was the percentage of 18-21 year olds
  that voted in 1996?

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• 31

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• 38. Why was the right to vote extended to 18-21
  year olds?

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• Because 18-21 years olds could be drafted and
  give up their lives in war, but did not have
  representation.

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• 38. What are laws regulating conduct between
  private parties in matters like contracts,
  business and domestic relations called?

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• Civil law.

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• 39. _____ policies are granted by state
  legislation and often strictly enforced without
  consideration of the circumstances.

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• Zero-tolerance policies

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• 40. ______ usually can not be held responsible
  for contracts entered.

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• Legal minors

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• 41. ______ are reasonable for suitable
  subsistence under contract law.

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• Necessaries.

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• 42. Who is responsible and can be held liable if
  a minor destroys a piece of property?

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• The minors parents.

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• 43. What do all states have that handles children
  below the age of criminal responsibility?

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• Juvenile Court Systems

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• 44. What is judge-made law which is based on
  decisions from prevailing customs?

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• Common law.