CARBOHYDRATES

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CHAPTER 7

• CARBOHYDRATES

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Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are
aldehydes or ketones with OH groups on the
carbons that make up the chain.

• Classified based on
• Length of the carbon chain
• Location of the CO aldehydealdo
  ketoneketo
• Family ending ose

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Example aldo (from aldehyde) pent (from 5
carbons) ose (family name)
ALDOPENTOSE
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• Example
• keto (from ketone)
• hex (from 6 carbons)
• ose (family name)

KETOHEXOSE
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Fischer Projections
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CLASSIFICATIONS
1 sugar unit
2 sugar units
3-10 sugar units
More than 10 sugar units

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CHIRALITY
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• Chiral- compounds or objects that can not
• be superimposed on their mirror image.
• Object is different from its mirror image
• Achiral- compounds or objects that can
• be superimposed on their mirror image.
• Object is the same as its mirror image

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CHIRAL MOLECULES
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A chiral carbon is one that has four different
groups attached to it.
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EXAMPLES
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Fructose
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If a molecule is chiral, there are at least 2
forms (isomers) of the molecule.

• Enantiomers- molecule and its mirror image

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CHIRAL MOLECULES
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Cyclic Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides with 5 or more carbons exist as
rings
?
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Haworth projection
ALDOSE
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?
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Haworth projection
Fischer projection
KETOSE
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Important Monosaccharides

• Glucose
• Aldohexose
• Most nutritionally important monosaccharide
• Sometimes called dextrose or blood sugar

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Galactose

• A component of lactose (milk sugar)
• Aldohexose

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Fructose

• Ketohexose
• Sometimes called fruit sugar
• Component of sucrose

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Disaccharides

• Two monosaccharide units linked together

Glycosidic Linkage (1?4)


Glucose
Glucose
Maltose
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Important Disaccharides

• Maltose
• Glucose Glucose
• Malt sugar
• Found in fermenting grains

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BEER
C6H12O6 gt 2CO2 2C2H5OH
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Lactose

• Glucose Galactose
• Milk sugar

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Lactose Intolerance

• Enzyme Lactase low or absent
• Lactose fermented in the intestine
• Nausea, cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea

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Sucrose

• Fructose Glucose (1?2)
• Found in many plants (especially sugar cane,
  sugar beets)
• Table sugar

glucose
fructose
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Polysaccharides

• More than 10 monosaccharides linked together

Glycosidic linkage
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Important Polysaccharides

• Starch
• Polymer of 30 to 1000 glucose units
• Storage form of glucose in plants
• Cereal grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley)
  as well as tubers such as potatoes are rich in
  starch
• Two forms Amylose and Amylopectin

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Amylose
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Glycogen

• Polymer of glucose units
• Storage form of glucose in animals
• Can have up to 600,000 glucose units
• Mainly in liver and muscles
• Structurally similar to amylopectin
• (1?4 and 1?6 links)

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Cellulose

• Polymer of glucose units
• Found in plant cell walls
• Linear polymer like amylose, but has ?
  (1?4)glycosidic linkages.
• Not easily digested, a constituent of dietary
  fiber.

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Startch
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Bloodtypes