Ch' 5Recordings

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Ch. 5Recordings
Recorded Music Chapter 5
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Before recordings

• Music is delivered to a mass audience in two
  ways
• As sheet music to be played in the home
• As rolls for player pianos. (Before player
  pianos, music boxes were popular, beginning in
  1796.)

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Edisons Phonograph

• Phonograph comes from the Greek, meaning sound
  writer.
• 1877Edison, along with a machinist, John Kruesi,
  builds first phonograph.

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• 1887Emile Berliner develops first flat metal
  disk, which can be mass produced.
• 1901Enrico Caruso becomes first big performer to
  make a record. He would also be one of the first
  to be heard on radio. His operatic recordings
  would eventually earn him over 2 million.

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• 1914ASCAP (American Society of Composers,
  Authors and Publishers) founded to ensure that
  members receive royalties for recordings.

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• 1918WWI songs create further demand for
  phonographs.

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• 1920sColumbia and Victor record companies
  develop electrical recording process, using
  microphones instead of funnels.
• The era becomes known as the Jazz Age, because
  phonographs become popular in American homes.

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• 1924Radio stations draw audiences away from
  phonographs. Sales of records drop 50 percent.
• 1929Stock market crash ushers in Great
  Depression. Record sales hurt further.

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• 1930sJuke Box helps record sales by delivering
  music in new locales, such as diners and taverns.

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• 1940sMusic industry sees creation of first teen
  idol, Frank Sinatra.
• 1941ASCAP announces 100 increase in fees.
  Radio stations create competing organization, BMI
  (Broadcast Music Inc.)

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• 1942Shellac, used for making records, is scarce
  due to war. Small record categories given up by
  record companies.

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• 1945Magnetic audio tape, used by Germans during
  WWII, is brought back by returning G.I.s. 3M
  Company develops tape for commercial use.
• 1948LP introduced by Peter Goldmark of Columbia
  Records. LPs allow 25 minutes of music per side.
  Battle of formats ensues. CBS wins over RCA with
  33 1/3 LPs.

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• 1950s
• 45s become the record standard for pop music.
• High fidelity sound introduced (full range of
  audible sounds can now be recorded).
• Stereophonic sound (multiple microphones record
  separate tracks, simulating the way humans hear).
• Rock n Roll develops.

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Rock Music

• Allen Freed, a Cleveland disk
• jockey later implicated in payola
• scandals, coins the term Rock and Roll.
• Sam Phillips of Sun records discovers Elvis.
  Presley appears on Sullivan Show in 1955 for
  50,000

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Payola Scandal

• 1958Some disk jockeys caught taking money to
  increase airplay of records.

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• 1964Beatles arrive in America, ushering in sound
  and era known as the British Invasion.
• 1969Woodstock open-air
• concert gathers 500,000 attendees, proving that
  rock is more than a musical styleits a
  subculture.

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• 1973Audio Cassette tapes hurt record sales. Home
  dubbing drain causes record sales to fall by 30
  million while blank cassette sales reach 250
  million by 1980.
• 1978First digital recordings are made in
  studios, whereby sound is converted into binary
  code. Result is clearer sound.

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• 1979Emergence of video games vies for adolescent
  dollars. Record sales slump. Industry claims it
  loses 2 billion to games.
• 1983Compact discs arrive. They replace vinyl
  records almost totally within two years.

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• 1990sImprovements in recording technology allow
  small-time artists to bypass studios and produce
  their own CDs, distributing and selling them
  through unconventional means, such as festivals
  and concerts.

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• 1997Digitalization leads to MP3 technology.

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• 2000Napster, the most popular MP3 distribution
  site on the Web, is sued by recording industry
  for allowing what are alleged to be illegal
  downloads.

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Music as a Social Force

• We are the World (brings in 50 million)
• Over There (rallied support for WWI)
• Ballad of the Green Berets
• An Okie from Muskogee
• Give Peace a Chance
• Cop Killer

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Censorship in Recordings

• Elvis created controversy by testing moral
  limits.
• Beatles albums were burned
• when John Lennon claims
• Beatles are more popular
• than Jesus.
• Parents Music Resource Center fought for labels
  on records.

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State of the Business

• Five of the top six recording companies are owned
  by foreign parent companies. The six major
  companies control 90 of the industry. The other
  10 controlled by independent companies.
• Exporting of MTV producing global market for
  American music. 60 of worlds music comes from
  the U.S.

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Problems facing industry

• MP3 drain
• Home dubbing
• Cultural homogenization
• Overseas piracy