National IncomeEnvironmental and Social Dimensions

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National Income-Environmental and Social
Dimensions Gary Flomenhoft CDAE 253 2-9-06
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The Valuation of Ecosystem Goods and Services
Matthew A. Wilson Gund Institute for Ecological
Economics School of Business Administration
Email Wilson_at_bsad.uvm.edu
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List of Ecosystem Goods and Services
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS
Gas regulation
Regulation of atmospheric chemical composition.
Regulation of global temperature, precipitation,
and other biologically mediated
Climate regulation
climatic processes at global, regional, or local
levels.
Disturbance regulation
Capacitance, damping and integrity of ecosystem
response to environmental
fluctuations such as sea level rise.
Water regulation
Regulation of hydrological flows.
Water supply
Storage and retention of water.
Erosion control and sediment retention
Retention of soil within an ecosystem.
Soil formation
Soil formation processes.
Nutrient cycling
Storage, internal cycling, processing, and
acquisition of nutrients.
Waste treatment
Recovery of mobile nutrients and removal or
breakdown of excess or
xenic nutrients and compounds.
Pollination
Movement of floral gametes.
Biological control
Trophic-dynamic regulations of populations.
Refugia
Habitat for resident and transient populations.
Food production
That portion of gross primary production
extractable as food.
Raw materials
That portion of gross primary production
extractable as raw materials.
Genetic resources
Sources of unique biological materials and
products.
Recreation
Providing opportunities for recreational
activities.
Cultural
Providing opportunities for non-commercial uses.
Adapted from Costanza et. Al. (1997) The Value
of the Worlds Ecosystem Services and Natural
Capital Nature, vol. 387 pp.253-260
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Techniques for Valuing Ecosystem Services

• Avoided Cost (AC) services allow society to
  avoid costs that would have been incurred in the
  absence of those services flood control (barrier
  islands) avoids property damages, and waste
  treatment by wetlands avoids incurred health
  costs.
• Replacement Cost (RC) services could be replaced
  with man-made systems natural waste treatment
  can be replaced with costly treatment systems.
• Factor Income (FI) services provide for the
  enhancement of incomes water quality
  improvements increase commercial fisheries
  harvest and thus, incomes of fishermen.
• Travel Cost (TC) service demand may require
  travel, whose costs can reflect the implied value
  of the service recreation areas attract distant
  visitors whose value placed on that area must be
  at least what they were willing to pay to travel
  to it.
• Hedonic Pricing (HP) service demand may be
  reflected in the prices people will pay for
  associated goods For example, housing prices
  along the shore of pristine freshwater lakes tend
  to exceed the prices of inland homes.
• Contingent Valuation (CV) service demand may be
  elicited by posing hypothetical scenarios that
  involve some valuation of alternatives people
  would be willing to pay for increased water
  quality in freshwater lakes and streams.
• Marginal Product Estimation (MP) Service demand
  is generated in a dynamic modeling environment
  using production function (i.e., Cobb-Douglas) to
  estimate value of output in response to
  corresponding material input.
• Group Valuation (GV) This approach is based on
  principles of deliberative democracy and the
  assumption that public decision making should
  result, not from the aggregation of separately
  measured individual preferences, but from public
  debate.

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Full World or Empty World?
Source Ecological Economics Principles
Applications, Farley and Daly
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If World consumption US Need 4 more planets
Source Center for A New American Dream
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Herman Dalys Policies for a steady-state economy

• Criteria
• Constant stock of humans
• Constant stock of goods for providing services
  and meeting needs.
• Sufficient and sustainable level of 12
• Throughput reduced to the lowest level

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Social Institutions
Constant Population Transferable birth licenses
(China 1 child policy) (Demographic Trend)
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Population growth
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China population-1.22B-one child policy
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Constant Goods Depletion quotas (Fisheries,
hunting licenses) Pollution quotas (vehicle
emissions, SO2)
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Fishing quotas
Lease 15  Tons 19 Tons 8  Tons 2  Tons 25 Tons 1
Ton North Sea Cod Haddock Whiting Megrim Monks Ska
te Macduff Fish Selling                 Lease 7
Tons 2 Tons 2 Tons West Coast Haddock Monk Megrim
Macduff Fish Selling              
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VERMONT HUNTING, FISHING AND TRAPPING
DATES 2001 SEASON (All Dates
Inclusive) FISHING Trout Landlocked Salmon
April 14 Oct 28 Trout Landlocked Salmon (Lake
Champlain) No Closed Season Largemouth
Smallmouth Bass June 9 Nov 30 Catch Release
Lakes and Ponds April 14 June 8 Pickerel, N.
Pike, Yellow Perch No Closed Season Walleye (Lake
Champlain, Lake Carmi certain areas of
Lamoille Missisquoi Rivers) May 6, 2000 -
March 15, 2001 May 5, 2001- March 15, 2002 (All
other waters except Connecticut River) No Closed
Season Smelt May 26, 2001 - March 31, 2002 Smelt
(Lake Champlain) No Closed Season BIG GAME
HUNTING Deer (Bow Arrow Only) Oct 6 28 Youth
Deer Day Nov. 4, 2001 Deer (16 Day regular
season) Nov. 10 Nov. 25 Deer (Muzzleloader or
Bow Arrow Only) Dec 1 9 Black Bear Sept. 1
Nov. 14 Turkey Spring May 1 31 Fall seasons
vary by wildlife management units
SMALL GAME HUNTING Hare, Rabbit Sept. 30, 2000
March 11, 2001 Sept. 29, 2001 March 10,
2002 Gray Squirrel Sept. 1 Dec. 31 Bobwhite
Quail No Closed Season Ruffed Grouse (Partridge)
Sept. 29 Dec. 31 Woodcock Set Annually Pheasant
Sept. 29 Dec. 31 Crow March 14 April 30
Aug. 16 Oct 29 FURBEARER HUNTING Bobcat Jan. 10
Feb. 7 Red Gray Fox Oct. 27, 2001 Feb. 10,
2002 Raccoon Oct. 13 Dec. 31 Muskrat March 20
April 19 Coyote No Closed Season FURBEARER
TRAPPING Mink, Skunk, Red Gray Fox, Raccoon,
Coyote Oct. 27 Dec. 31 Otter Oct. 27 Dec.
31 (Otter Continued During Beaver Season) Muskrat
4th Sat. in Oct. April 19 Fisher, Bobcat Dec. 1
16 Beaver TO BE ANNOUNCED Marten No Open
Season WATERFOWL HUNTING Set Annually Read the
Guide to Hunting, Fishing Trapping Laws for
more information and exceptions. Issued June,
2000 by the Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department,
Waterbury, Vermont
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CFC Quotas
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Kyoto Protocol
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Kyoto Protocol
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Distribution Minimum and maximum income All
corporate profits distributed to
stockholders Minimum Speenhamland, minimum
income Experiments, European social
democracy, Welfare, dole, unemployment insurance.
Alaska oil dividend. Maximum European
marginal tax rates, US Tax rates in 1950s.
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Shareholder Equity-dividends (ALASKA PF)
Alaska has the smallest gap between rich and poor
of any state, according to figures released
Wednesday by the U.S. Census Bureau. ALASKA
Dividend checks help make for more equal
distribution.
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