SubP. Uniramia: C. Insecta

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SubP. Uniramia C. Insecta

• Social behavior
• social groups
• temporary/uncoordinated ? indefinate/highly
  organized
• chemical/tactile communication
• caste differentiation common in highly organized
  groups
• division of labor
• collective good
• reciprocal communication
• polymorphisms

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SubP. Uniramia C. Insecta

• honeybees
• pollinate almonds/apples/apricots/blueberries/cher
  ries/ cranberries/melons/oranges/pears/many
  vegetables
• hives last indefinate period of time
• elaborate communication system w/
  scouts/workers/drones/queen
• hive consists of 60,00070,000 individuals/hive
• few ? drones 1 fertile ? queen many sterile ?
  workers
• fertilized (diploid) eggs produce queen/workers
• drones come from unfertilized (haploid) eggs

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SubP. Uniramia C. Insecta

• queen
• mates 1x in life w/ 15 drones
• queen has longer abdomen/darker color
• can live several years
• development due to being fed royal jelly
• secrete queen substance preventing ? from
  maturing sexually
• drone
• lay around hive waiting for virgin queens to mate
  with
• mating is only task/use
• die after mating
• lack stingers/square butt/big eyes/stout
• if drone until fall, worker bees will exclude him
  from hive
• dies b/c cant make food

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SubP. Uniramia C. Insecta

• worker
• workers live 6 weeks in summer, longer in winter
• tasks
• care for brood nest/ventilate hive
• guard hive entrance
• gather nectar/pollen, make honey
• building combs to store brood/nectar/honey
• larva hatches from egg laid by queen bee in cell
  of comb
• fed mostly pollen/honey by adult nurse bees
• after 5 instars, larva spins cocoon,
  becomes pupa,
  metamorphoses into worker
• larva fed only
  royal
  jelly queen
• caste differentiation
  due
  to genetics
  royal
  jelly

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SubP. Uniramia C. Insecta

• termites (O. Isoptera)
• fertile king queen fly start new colony
• mate then lose wings
• sterile members are wingless
• become workers/soldiers
• soldiers defend colony
• large heads
• reproductive individuals secrete pheromones
  
• inhibit sexual development of nymphs
• worker castes also produce worker/
  soldier
  substances to ensure
  adequate members
  of caste

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SubP. Uniramia C. Insecta

• ants (O. Hymenoptera)
• similar looking to termites except
• darker hard-bodied thread-like waist
  elbowed antennae
• ? ant dies after mating
• queen starts new colony/joins existing
• soldiers/workers
• wingless ?
• exhibit
• evolved slavery
• fungus farming
• sewing nests together
• tool use
• herding

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SubP. Uniramia C. Insecta

• Beneficial insects
• produce honey/beeswax/silk/shellac
• ? economic importance
• pollinate 10B food crops annually in U.S.
• apists
• coevolution of pollinating insects and flowering
  plants
• predaceous/parasitoid vital in controlling many
  pest populations
• dead animals consumed by fly maggots
• critical components of most food chains

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SubP. Uniramia C. Insecta

• Harmful insects
• eat/destroy crops/forests/food/property
• name 4 serious forest pests
• medically impt b/c vectors for disease
• 10 of all arthropod sp. are parasites
• West Nile/malaria/yellow fever mosquitos
• plague fleas
• typhus fever lice

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SubP. Uniramia C. Insecta

• Insect control
• broad-spectrum insecticides kill beneficials
• persistence of chemicals in environment
• accumulate as they move up food chain
• resistance to common insecticides
• biological control use of natural agents to ?
  insect population
• Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium that controls
  many pests
• gene for Bt toxin introduced to other bacteria
• transferred to crop plants
• viruses/fungi/nematodes/predators/parasites/steril
  e ?
• pheromones used to monitor
• hormones can disrupt life cycle
• IPM combined use of cultural/biological
  practices to ? reliance on chemicals

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SubP. Uniramia C. Insecta

• HWA
• predator Laricobius nigrinus
• from W NA
• Imidocloprid
• systemic insecticide
• related to tobacco toxin (nicotine)
• affects insect nervous system
• control sucking insects
• rice-/leaf-/plant hoppers/aphids/thrips/
  
  whitefly/termites/fleas
• toxic to some birds
• coordination/responsiveness/eggshell
  thinning/ ? wt /? egg
  production
• resistance in thrips
• MORAL OF THE STORY?

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Lepidoptera Hymenoptera Hemioptera Odonata
Homoptera Diptera Isoptera Coleoptera