Industrialization Project

1
Industrialization Project

• Cassaundra Vergel
• Modern World History
• Mr. Sweeney

2
Adam Smith and Industrialization

• There are many economic systems that the human
  race runs by. With these systems, we are forced
  to ask allocation questions the what, how, and
  for whom. Of the many extreme systems, one that
  is popular is capitalism. Capitalism is an
  economic system based on private ownership of
  capital, land, and labor. Basically, you get what
  you worked for. Businesses compete with each
  other by the quality of their products and how
  much is consumed. In the mid 1700s, Adam Smith, a
  Scottish political economist, published An
  Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth
  of Nations.Here, he proposed many concepts such
  as division of labor, laissez-faire, and his most
  famous, the Invisible Hand. The invisible hand
  is what guides the society. It leads men to the
  where, or what, that will let them succeed in the
  market system. The annual labor of every nation
  is the fund which originally supplies it with all
  the necessaries and conveniences of life which it
  annually consumes (Smith) The invisible hand
  directs producers toward the consumers wants and
  needs toward the direction of our benefits in
  land, labor, and capital.

Adam Smith
(The Adam Smith Club)
3
Women working in a factory
Diagram showing the system of the Invisible Hand
(Brooklyn)
(Roberts)

• Adam Smiths concepts were important to the
  evolution of industrialization because he
  realized that the factors of production was what
  drove people. In capitalism, it is every man for
  themselves so the more your product sells, the
  more money you get. Businesses began to see that
  in order to succeed, you had to know the
  consumers wants. For example, producers found
  that the people needed durable clothing for their
  work and created textile factories. Factories had
  to keep up with the demands of the people, but
  also strived to create appealing products for
  profit. You place something in the market, and if
  it succeeds, you make more of it. But as more
  people buy your product, you are forced to keep
  up with order of the consumers. To do this
  successfully, major companies had to modernize
  quick or they were left behind. Thus factories
  were built, cities grew, and the industrial
  revolution began.

4
Industrialization Changing Lives

• Industrialization changed the way people lived,
  in ways both good and bad. One of the most
  significant changes was that it brought more work
  to people. And because of this growth in job
  openings it led to the division of labor. With
  the formation of the assembly line, workers did
  not need to have a specific talent to be able to
  work in the factories. As long as you were able
  to complete the task at hand, you were hired.
  More factories and job openings supplied work for
  landless farmers. And as more people were hired
  from all over, improvement in transportation was
  necessary. Improving public transportation made
  it so that people could get to their jobs on
  time. There was also and increase in education.
  Factory owners had to educate their workers about
  each task. Finally, men were able to make cheaper
  goods in larger quantities. More people to work
  the factories resulted in an increase in the
  means of production. This meant that even the
  common people were able to get good quality
  products at a cheap price. In some ways, living
  conditions improved. Families began to grow
  because of the stable income from the factories,
  and life was looking up for many.

Workers in a factory
(Blanchard)
5
Children working
(Hine)
(Hine)

• Yet like all change, it was not all good. Though
  more people had jobs, the work routines were much
  more demanding. Workers had to work unreal hours
  and the days were calculated by the clock and not
  the sun. This meant that no matter how dark it
  was, workers were expected to arrive at a certain
  time and work for long hours. They were paid two
  dollars a week. The working hoursextended from
  five o'clock in the morning until seven in the
  evening, with one halfhour for breakfast and
  dinner . (Robinson) There was also and increase
  in child labor. Coal mines often had tunnels too
  small for adults, so factories began hiring
  children to do the minuscule work. One of the
  most disgusting sights one have ever seen was
  that of young females, dressed like boys in
  trousers, crawling on all fours, with belts round
  their waists and chains passing between their
  legs (Great Britain) The industrial revolution
  brought factories into the big cities and bad
  living conditions. The streets were unsanitary
  and was often the cause for sickness and disease.
  There were extremes in social wealth, and the
  division of wealth had occurred.

6
Industrialization, Marxism, Malthusianism

• The changes in life style that the industrial
  revolution brought led to the proposal of many
  different ideas by economists and philosophers.
  One of these ideas was Marxism. Karl Marx, a
  journalist in the mid 1800s, believed that one
  day capitalism will destroy itself. In his work,
  the Communist Manifesto he writes, But not only
  has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring
  death itself it has called into existence the
  men who wield those weapons. (Marx) With the
  increase of the proletariat, the working class,
  it was only a matter of time until they rebel
  against the middle class, the bourgeoisie. This
  would cause a revolution, shifting the power to
  the proletariat. The bourgeoisie had created
  these factories and the increase in population of
  the lower class, but now they will be fought
  against by all they had produced. What the
  bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, is
  its own grave-diggers. Its fall and victory are
  equally inevitable. (Marx) But Marx also
  believed that by abolishing property, the right
  to inheritance, and raising taxes a classless
  society will be formed and the revolution could
  be avoided and equality will replace capitalism.

(Arnitz)
7
(Brooklyn)

• Industrialization had not only brought forth
  ideas by Karl Marx, but also from Thomas Malthus.
  In his most famous book the Essay on the
  Principles of Population, Malthus, a professor of
  History and Political Economy at Haileybury
  College, expressed that with the sudden increase
  in population, the human race will soon run out
  of food. There was no hope of better times.
  (Byres) Due to industrialization, cities were
  growing at an unhealthy rate. In 1860 the
  birthrate in Europe was estimated to be about 300
  million. 50 years later, in 1913 the birthrate
  was estimated to be about 5,234 million.
  (Hamerow) According to Prof. Paul Ehrlich, a
  biologist, the growth of population could lead to
  environmental damage and the growth of
  illiteracy. Famine, disease, and hunger will
  increase and the human race will fall apart.
  Others argue that when man is faced with a
  problem, we will always come up with a solution.
  And even now, we have enough food to feed
  everyone on the planet. Though opinions are
  split, the problem is major enough that it may
  only be a matter of time until man is faced with
  the struggle to find food.

8
Bibliography

• Arnitz, Gerd, Factory Occupation, De
  Arbeidersraad, July 1936.
• http//www.iisg.nl/exhibitions/art/indexarntz.html
  
• Blanchard, Ian, New Research Initiatives,
  Department of Economic and Social History, The
  University of Edinburgh.
• www.esh.ed.ac.uk/blanchard/ blanchard.htm
• Brooklyn College History Dept., 1997.
• academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/.../ 0253/img0056.htm
• Brooklyn College, Section 8 The Industrial
  Revolution, April 12th, 1999.
• http//academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/virtual/
  core4-8.htm
• Byres, Terrence. Adam Smith, Malthus, and Marx,
  Greenhaven Press, St. Paul, Minn, 1980.
• Great Britain, Women Miners in the English Coal
  Pits, Parliamentary Papers, 1842, Vol. XVI, pp.
  24, 196, Modern History Sourcebook, Paul Halsall,
  July 1998.
• http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1842womenminers
  .html

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• Hamerow, Theodore S. The Birth of a New Europe,
  1983.
• Hine, Lewis W., Child Labor in America 1908
  1912, The History Place, 1998.
• http//www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabo
  r/index.html
• Marx, Karl, Engels, Friedrich, The Communist
  Manifest, The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd ed., edited
  by Robert C. Tucker, New York W. W. Norton
  Co., 1978.
• Roberts, Nathan, Economics for Dummies.
• http//www.strom.clemson.edu/becker/prtm320/econom
  ics_primer.html
• Robinson, Harriet H., "Early Factory Labor in New
  England," in Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics
  of Labor, Fourteenth Annual Report (Boston
  Wright Potter, 1883), pp. 38082, 38788,
  39192., Modern History Source Book, Paul Halsall
  Aug 1997.
• http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/robinson-lowell
  .html
• Smith, Adam, Wealth of Nations, 1776,
  Geolibertarian.
• http//geolib.com/smith.adam/woncont.html
• The Adam Smith Club, Consultex SA, 1998.
• http//www.consultex.ch/adam.html