Poor, Powerless And Pregnant

1
Poor, PowerlessAnd Pregnant

• Gender the Contemporary Global System

2
Life is gendered but differently place to
place, society to society

• Marriage practices
• Dowry, bride price or neither?
• Whose decision?
• Rights and responsibilities
• Limits on education, careers
• Military obligations
• Voice in fertility
• Acceptability of sexual activity

3
Sex vs. Gender

• Sex biological distinction based largely on x
  and y chromosomes
• Gender cultural distinction tied to
• Reproduction
• Production
• Marriage customs
• Degrees of homophobia
• Conflict empowerment vs. tradition

4
Measuring Womens Status

• Health
• Marriage and Children
• Education
• Employment
• Equality

5
Health Measures

• Female Infant Mortality
• Maternal Mortality
• Female Life Expectancy
• Female Life Expectancy Relative to Male Life
  Expectancy

6
Health Status

• Worst Countries
• 3.5 Afghanistan
• 5.5 Mali, Bangladesh
• 6.0 Yemen, Nigeria, Nepal
• 6.5 Mozambique
• 7.0 Malawi
• 8.0 Rawanda, Pakistan, Benin

• Best Countries
• 20.0 Finland
• 19.5 Austria, France
• 19.0 Australia, Belgium, Canada, Germany,
  Hungary, Netherlands, Italy, Norway, Poland,
  Portugal, Sweden, USA
• 18.5 Bulgaria, Chile, UK, New Zealand, Spain

7
Education Measures

• Percentage secondary school enrollment female
• Percentage secondary school teachers female
• Percentage university enrollment female
• Differential literacy for men and women

8
Educational Status

• Best Countries
• 18.5 USA
• 18.0 Jamaica
• 17.5 Argentina
• 16.5 Canada
• 16.0 Finland, France, Norway, Venezuela
• 15.5 Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark

• Worst Countries
• 2.5 Benin
• 3.0 Yemen
• 4.0 Nepal, Libya
• 4.5 Senegal, Mali, Liberia, Bangladesh
• 5.0 Pakistan
• 5.5 Sudan, Rwanda, Mali, Afghanistan

9
Employment Measures

• Percentage women professionals and self-employed
• Percentage women employed
• Percentage women managers
• Share of paid employment

10
Employment Status

• Best Countries
• 14.5 Sweden
• 12.5 Mozambique, Russia
• 11.5 Barbados, Finland
• 11.0 Denmark, Norway
• 10.5 Bulgaria
• 10.0 Canada, Czechia, USA

• Worst Countries
• 2.0 Yemen, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, India,
  Iraq, Afghanistan, Algeria
• 2.5 Syria, Sudan, Mali, Jordan
• 3.0 UAE, Turkey, Morocco, Liberia, Egypt,
  Bangladesh

11
Social Equality Measures

• Economic Equality
• Political/Legal Equality
• Equality in Marriage
• Absence of Discrimination

12
Social Equality Status

• Best Countries
• 18.5 Finland, Sweden
• 16.5 Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
  Canada, Denmark, Greece, Cuba, Czechia, Germany,
  Greece, Hungary, Jamaica, Netherlands, USA

• Worst Countries
• 2.0 UAE, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan
• 4.0 Kuwait, Bangladesh
• 6.0 Sudan, South Africa, Nigeria, Morocco,
  Libya, Egypt, Chile, Brazil

13
Measures of Marriage Children

• Percentage Teen Marriage
• Total Fertility Rate
• Contraceptive Prevalence
• Formerly Married Women Relative to Formerly
  Married Men

14
Marriage Children Status

• Best Countries

• Worst Countries
• 4.0 Saudi Arabia
• 4.5 Bangladesh
• 5.5 Nigeria, Mali
• 6.5 Malawai, Benin
• 7.0 Afghanistan
• 7.5 Yemen
• 8.0 Senegal, Kenya, Jordan, Cameroon

20.0 Australia, NZ 19.5 Sweden, Taiwan 19.0
Belgium, Finland, Norway, Netherlands,
Britain 18.5 Canada, China, Czechia, Denmark,
France, Germany, USA
15
Overall Status in Our 30 Countries

• Countries Doing Well
• 87.0 Sweden
• 85.0 Finland
• 82.5 United States
• 80.5 Canada
• 79.5 Australia
• 77.0 Russia
• 76.0 Germany, France
• 75.5 Poland
• 74.0 Italy
• 73.0 Switzerland
• 68.5 Japan
• 68.0 Argentina

• Countries Doing Poorly
• 21.5 Bangladesh
• 28.0 Pakistan
• 29.0 Nigeria
• 29.5 Saudi Arabia
• 38.0 Egypt
• 40.0 Cameroon, Ghana
• 45.0 Kenya, India
• 47.5 Colombia, Peru
• 52.5 South Africa, Turkey
• 54.5 Brazil
• 59.0 Cuba, China
• 60.0 Spain, Chile
• 61.5 Mexico

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Lessons To Be Drawn

• If the measures can be taken as reasonable ones,
  the status of women differs markedly from country
  to country
• Even in the best countries, there is much room
  for improvement
• The condition of women in the worst countries
  verges on desperation