Age of Enlightenment

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Age of Enlightenment
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Government

• Monarchy vs. Representative Government
• Where does authority come from?
• God or the people
• Who should run the government?
• Rich people, smart people, everyone?

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Locke vs. Hobbes

• Thomas Hobbes
• Wrote Leviathan
• Need a strong entity to control people
  government
• Social contract that all people commit to
  civilization
• Without civilization life is nasty, brutish and
  short!

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Hobbes

• Hobbes lived through the English Civil War
• Learns to appreciate the comforts brought by
  living in peaceful civilization

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John Locke

• Argues for natural rights
• Life, liberty and property
• Wrote Two Treaties of Government
• Against Absolute Monarchy
• Power to rule comes from the people

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Baron Montesquieu

• Wrote Spirit of the Laws 1748
• Wanted a limited monarchy
• Like Englands system of government
• Checks and Balances

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Montesquieu

• Favors a three branch government legislative,
  executive, and judicial
• Traveled all around the world and made
  observations
• Even America

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Group Activity

• Identify how these three men, Hobbes, Locke, and
  Montesquieu might have influenced the United
  States government

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Jean Jacque Rousseau

• Born into poverty
• Not a member of typical philosophical circles
  (Salons)
• Wrote The Social Contract
• People are naturally good in state of nature

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Rousseau

• Favored
• Free elections
• Less government control
• Group was more important than the individual

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Voltaire

• Wrote Candide
• Makes fun of church and monarchy
• Hates slavery and prejudice
• Arrested and Exiled
• Believed Enlightened Despot was the best ruler

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Philosopher Activity

• Each group will make a poster which compares
  Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau and Voltaire.
• Compare the origin, biography, works, and beliefs.

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Denis Diderot

• Wrote Encyclopedia
• 28 Volumes took 25 years to write
• Contained articles which discussed the new ideas
  of the enlightenment.
• Spreads enlightenment ideals.
• Attacks divine rights of kings, church, and
  monarchy.

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Mary Wollstonecraft

• Argues for equal rights for women
• Believes that education is the key to equality
• Contemporaries believed that a womans place was
  in the home.
• 1792 A Vindication of the Rights of Women

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Economics

• Free trade vs. Mercantilism
• Laissez faire Hands Off
• Opposite of mercantilism which has heavy
  government control.
• Adam Smith
• Wrote Wealth of Nations
• Argues for free trade
• Allow profit to dictate peoples actions

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Roles for Project

• Roles in Debate
• Actor Plays the part of the historical figure
  being questioned by reporters and historians
  during the class presentation. Takes time to
  learn the ideas and personality o the historical
  figure. Helps others learn about the figure he or
  she represents. Cuts out the mask. Thinks of
  appropriate props and costumes to help bring the
  historical figure to life.
• Historian Responsible for ensuring that all
  group members understand the ideas and beliefs of
  the historical figure. Reads the Biographical
  Briefing aloud to the group and leads discussion
  of the questions on it. Looks in textbooks,
  encyclopedias, and other sources for additional
  information on the historical figure.

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Roles for Project

• Public Relations Agent Takes time to learn about
  the ideas and personality of the historical
  figure. Introduces historical figure at the start
  of the press conference. Assists Actor in
  answering any difficult questions during the
  press conference. Solicits ideas form group
  members to design name plate for historical
  figure with name, dates he or she lived, and
  appropriate visual symbol of the figures ideal
  form of government.
•  Investigative Reporter Responsible for
  anticipating and preparing Actor for any
  questions that may be asked. Carefully examines
  information to find out which historical figures
  on the panel have ideas that support or oppose
  the groups. Prepares and asks probing questions
  of other panel members to expose weaknesses in
  their arguments.

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Preparation for Debate

• Introduction Background info ( birthplace,
  education, family), describe/explain symbol
• Notes for actor and public relations
• Outfit for actor
• Questions for the investigative reporter between
  3-5 questions each
• Be prepared to turn in introduction, notes,
  questions, and symbols

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Censorship

• Censorship restriction of ideas
• Authorities try to suppress the new ideas of the
  Enlightenment
• Ban or burn books
• Salons informal gatherings of philosophers,
  middle class and elites

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Enlightened Despots

• European Rulers who enacted changes for the good
  of the people
• Praised by Voltaire
• Frederick II, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II

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Enlightened Despots

• Frederick II
• Invites Voltaire to Berlin to build Academy of
  Science
• Invites persecuted people to his realm
• Catherine the Great
• Admirer of Voltaire
• Reformed government to make it more efficient
• Still very ruthless

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Enlightened Despots

• Joseph II
• Traveled in disguise to learn about people
• Tolerant to Protestants
• Sold Church property to build hospitals
• Abolished Serfdom
• His reforms were reversed after his death

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Art

• Middle class beginning to become patrons
• Baroque 1650-1750
• Huge, colorful, and exciting
• Rococo mid 1750s
• Mild, personal, elegant, charming
• Happy and soft
• Shells, flowers, and rural settings

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Baroque
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Baroque
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Baroque
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Rococo
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Rococo
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Rococo
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Entertainment

• Ballets and Operas
• Johann Sebastian Bach
• Religious music
• George Handel
• Opera music
• Messiah- Popular at Christmas and Easter
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
• Child Prodigy
• Dies at 35
• Composer and Performer

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Bach
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Handel
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Mozart
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Beethoven
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Vivaldi
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Schubert
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Normal People

• Enlightenment has little affect on most people
• Peasants still forced to work very hard for very
  little
• Western Europe
• Serfdom disappearing
• Rent land from wealthy landowners
• Eastern and Central Europe
• Serfdom still strongly entrenched

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England as a World Power

• How did it happen?
• England is an island nation with a strong navy
• Does not need large army
• Successful in war
• Less restriction on trade
• Unification of England and Scotland
• 1707 Act of Union
• English and Scottish settlers come to Ireland and
  dominate the Catholic peasants 1600s

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