Welcome to LAT1121!

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Welcome to LAT1121!
Please fill out an information note card, like
below.

Name
ufl.edu email
Major year
Previous language experience


Latin 1 instructor
Why Latin?
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Rapid ReviewWheelock Chapters 1-14
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

• Their function in the sentence is indicated by
  their case, not by the word order of the
  sentence.
• There are six cases
• Nominative
• Genitive
• Dative
• Accusative
• Ablative
• Vocative

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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

• Besides case, nouns also have gender
• masculine, feminine, or neuter.
• They also have number
• singular or plural.
• So nouns have three important characteristics
• GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE.

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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
Nouns are divided into five groups called
declensions. So far, weve learned the first 3
declensions (and well learn the remaining 2 this
semester, huzzah!) Remember DECLENSION ?
GENDER!
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
We can identify the declension of a noun by
looking at the ending of its genitive
singular. To decline a noun, we add the
appropriate case endings to the nouns stem.
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
1st declension porta, portae, f
Singular Plural
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
portae
porta
portae
portarum
portae
portis
portam
portas
portis
porta
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
2nd declension campus, campi, m
Singular Plural
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
campi
campus
campi
camporum
campo
campis
campum
campos
campis
campo
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

• The form of the vocative case is identical to
  that of the nominative in every declension EXCEPT
  certain 2nd declension nouns, following these
  rules
• -us ? -e ex Marcus ? Marce
• -ius ? i ex filius ? fili
• also, meus ? mi

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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
3rd declension rex, regis, m
Singular Plural
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
reges
rex
regis
regum
regi
regibus
regem
reges
regibus
rege
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

• The form of neuter nouns follow the following
  rules in all declensions
• nom acc
• nom/acc pl -a

Sg Pl
Nom caput capita
Gen capitis capitum
Dat capiti capitibus
Acc caput capita
Abl capite capitibus
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

• There is a special group of 3rd declension nouns
  known as i-stems, which differ from other 3rd
  declensions like this

N Sg Pl
Nom mare maria
Gen maris marium
Dat mari maribus
Acc mare maria
Abl mari maribus
M/F Sg Pl
Nom arx arces
Gen arcis arcium
Dat arci arcibus
Acc arcem arces
Abl arce arcibus
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

• There are some rules we have to help us remember
  which 3rd declension nouns are i-stems

• M/F
• nom. sg. ending in is or es, having the same
  number of syllables in the nominative and
  genitive
• nom sg. in s or x w/ base in 2 consonants.
  Most of their nominatives are monosyllabic.
• N
• nom. sg. ending in al, -ar, or e

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Ablative Uses

• So far weve learned
• w/ a preposition (SID SPACE)
• means/instrument - NO preposition!
• accompaniment - takes cum
• -manner - takes cum

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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

• Adjectives MUST agree with the nouns they modify
  in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE!
• Adjectives are grouped, like nouns. So far weve
  learned 1st/2nd declension adjectives.
• Dont be confused by their names, ANY adjective
  can describe ANY noun of ANY declension,
  regardless of declension, as long as they AGREE
  IN GENDER, NUMBER, AND CASE!

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Adjectives

• Adjectives can be used as substantives.
• You get the stem of the adj from the feminine or
  neuter form.
• Theres a group of special ius adjectives that
  have genitive singular in ius and dative
  singular in i.

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Personal Pronouns

• 1st person sg ego, mei, mihi, me, me
• 2nd person sg tu, tui, tibi, te, te
• 1st person pl nos, nostrum/nostri, nobis, nos,
  nobis
• 2nd person pl vos, vestrum/vestri, vobis, vos,
  vobis
• Genitives of the 1st and 2nd person are NOT for
  possession. They were used as objective and
  partitive genitives.
• nostrum/vestrum partitive
• nostri/vestri objective
• is, ea, id are used as 3rd person pronouns, and
  the genitives were often used for possession

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Reflexive Pronouns

• Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject, so
  they have no nominative case.
• For 1st and 2nd sg and pl, their forms are the
  same as the personal pronoun
• 3rd person reflexives are the same for sg and pl
• Forms --, sui, sibi, se, se
• Reflexive possessive adjs. are meus, tuus,
  noster, vester, and suus

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Verbs

• Verbs have five characteristics
• Person
• 1st, 2nd, or 3rd?
• Number
• singular or plural?
• Tense
• pres, fut, imp, pf, fut pf, or plupf?
• Voice
• active or passive?
• Mood
• indicative, imperative, or subjunctive?

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Verbs

• Verbs are divided into four groups called
  conjugations.
• 1st conj. -are
• 2nd conj. -ere
• 3rd conj. -ere
• 4th conj. -ire
• Theres also a subsection of the 3rd conjugation
  known as 3rd io which often act like 4th
  conjugation verbs, but have infinitive in ere.

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Verbs

• The personal endings of the verbs tell us its
  five characteristics.
• What are the personal endings of the active
  voice?
• -o or m
• -s
• -t
• -mus
• -tis
• -nt

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Verbs

• To conjugate a verb, add the personal endings to
  the stem.
• How do we find the present stem?
• What tenses are formed off the present stem?
• How do we find the perfect stem?
• What tenses are formed off the perfect stem?

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Verbs Imperatives

• The singular imperative is just like the present
  stem. The plural has a te added.
• amare ama amate
• monere mone monete
• agere age agite
• audire audi audite
• There are 4 irregular imperatives
• duc, dic, fac, fer

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Verbs Present Tense

• To form the present tense, just add the personal
  endings to the present stem.

amo moneo ago capio
audio amas mones agis capis
audis amat monet agit
capit audit amamus monemus agimus
capimus audimus amatis monetis agitis
capitis auditis amant monent
agunt capiunt audiunt
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Verbs Imperfect

• The imperfect tense is used for continuous or
  repetitive actions in the past.
• To form the imperfect, stick the infix ba in
  between the present stem and the personal
  endings.
• Ex laudabam, laudabas, laudabat, etc
• 3rd io and 4th conj. verbs have an e between
  the i and the personal endings (capiebam,
  audiebam, etc)

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Verbs Future

• 1st and 2nd conjugations form the future with the
  infix bi
• (Remember Bo will bunt)
• In 3rd and 4th conjugations, the sign of the
  future tense is the vowel e (a in 1st sg)
• Ex agam, ages, aget, etc

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Verbs Future

• Remember
• In conjugations 1 and 2, you must use bo, bi,
  bu.
• In conjugations 4 and 3, you must use a and e.

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Verbs Sum and Possum

• Present
• sum
• es
• est
• sumus
• estis
• sunt

Future ero eris erit erimus eritis erunt
Imperfect eram eras erat eramus eratis erant
The forms of possum are the same as sum but with
pot- in front of them.
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Verbs Sum and Possum

• Present
• possum
• potes
• potest
• possumus
• potestis
• possunt

Future potero poteris poterit poterimus poteritis
poterunt
Imperfect poteram poteras poterat poteramus potera
tis poterant
Present possum potes potest possumus potestis poss
unt
The forms of possum are the same as sum but with
pot- in front of them. Where sum begins with an
s, the t also turns into an s.
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Verbs Perfect System

• To find the stem, drop the i off the 3rd
  principal part.

ENDINGS ENDINGS Perfect Active Indic Pluperfect Active Indic Future Perfect Active Indic
Sg. 1st -i -eram -ero
Sg. 2nd -isti -eras -eris
Sg. 3rd -it -erat -erit
Pl. 1st -imus -eramus -erimus
Pl. 2nd -istis -eratis -eritis
Pl. 3rd -erunt -erant -erint
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Verbs Perfect System

• The perfect is used to talk about an action in
  the past as a single, completed event.
• The pluperfect and future perfect are used like
  they are in English, generally looking at
  consequences of completed actions.
• The perfect tenses are often used to discuss
  events relative, temporally, to other events.

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Verbs Impf. and the Pf. Sys.
Tense Usage Latin example Eng. translation
Repetative, habitual, or ongoing event in the past I was praising, I used to praise
Event in the past that occurred before another event in the past I had praised
Completed event, or completed event that has some bearing on the present I praised, I have praised
Event in the future that occurs before another event in the future I will have praised
laudabam
Imperfect
laudaveram
Pluperfect
laudavi
Perfect
laudavero
Future Perfect