Future Automotive Fuel Options/Implications

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Future Automotive Fuel Options/Implications

• January 27, 2005

Charles L. Gray, Jr. Advanced Technology
Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality
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World Crude Oil Production
Source EIA Department of Energy
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Urgency of Planning for Transition World Crude
Oil Production/Consumption
Source EIA Department of Energy
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Choices Decisions

• Engines
• Incremental improvements to Gasoline Engines
• Clean Diesel
• Variable Displacement
• Variable Compression
• DI Gasoline
• HCCI engine
• Fuel Cell
• Free Piston Engine

• Fuels
• Low Sulfur Gasoline
• Low Sulfur Diesel
• Bio-Diesel
• Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
• DME (Dimethyl Ether)
• Methanol
• Ethanol
• Natural Gas/CNG/LPG
• Hydrogen
• Electricity

The key is to select powertrains that are
exciting to the consumer and are simultaneously
cost-effective and ultra-efficient.

• Drivetrains
• CVT
• Electric Hybrids
• Hydraulic Hybrids

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Energy Reserves (Quads BTU)
The World
United States

• International Energy Annual 2002 EIA/DOE
• Oil shale data is from World Energy Council

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Source 1991 in-house staff study updated to 2000
dollars.
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Key Driver is Economics
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Non-Petroleum Highway Fuel U.S. Production
Potential
(billion gallons, gasoline-equivalent)
Source In-house staff sensitivity projections.
Note From non- coal/shale feedstocks
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Choices Decisions

• Fuels
• Low Sulfur Gasoline
• Low Sulfur Diesel
• Bio-Diesel
• Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
• DME (Dimethyl Ether)
• Methanol
• Ethanol
• Natural Gas/CNG/LPG
• Hydrogen
• Electricity

• Engines
• Incremental improvements to Gasoline Engines
• Clean Diesel
• Variable Displacement
• Variable Compression
• DI Gasoline
• HCCI engine
• Fuel Cell
• Free Piston Engine

The key is to select powertrains that are
exciting to the consumer and are simultaneously
cost-effective and ultra-efficient.

• Drivetrains
• CVT
• Electric Hybrids
• Hydraulic Hybrids

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Advanced Engine Options

• EPA Clean Diesel Combustion
• 4 cylinder engine working, installed in mini-van
• Meets levels of Tier 2/bin5 NOx (without NOx
  aftertreatment)
• Maintains high diesel efficiency
• Working with industry on application to larger
  engines
• Public Announcement with International Truck and
  Engine Corp. May 2004
• Public Announcement with Ford January 2005
• Methanol Engine
• Great efficiency ? 40
• Paper in March 2003 SAE World Congress

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EPA Clean Diesel Combustion (1.9L Multi-Cylinder
Evaluation)
Engine Brake Efficiency ()
Brake Specific NOx (g/hp-hr)
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40-41
Pexhaust Pinput .1 Bar
NOx below .2 everywhere
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Methanol CPI 4-Cylinder Efficiency Results
40
40
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More Advanced Engine Options

• HCCI Combustion
• 4 cylinder engine working, installed in truck
• Virtually no NOx or PM emissions
• Diesel like efficiency from gasoline
• Excellent engine for a series hybrid
• Paper in March 2004 SAE World Congress
• Free-Piston Engine
• Great efficiency -Hydraulic power directly from
  engine for
• series hybrids
• Clean 4-stroke cycle or High Power 2-stroke cycle
• Capable of Clean Diesel or HCCI combustion
• High Reliability/Low Cost potential fewer
  moving parts
• Paper in April 2005 SAE World Congress

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Emerging Engine Technologies

• HyTEC Hybrid Thermal Energy Converter
• Recovers energy from engine exhaust heat,
• Works best with series hybrids or long haul
  trucks
• Variable Displacement Engine
• Allows optimum high efficiency use of a small
  displacement engine while retaining the option
  for sustained high power when needed
• Variable Compression Engine
• Allows low power, very efficient engines to also
  provide high power performance

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Choices Decisions

• Engines
• Incremental improvements to Gasoline Engines
• Clean Diesel
• Variable Displacement
• Variable Compression
• DI Gasoline
• HCCI engine
• Fuel Cell
• Free Piston Engine

• Fuels
• Low Sulfur Gasoline
• Low Sulfur Diesel
• Bio-Diesel
• Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
• DME (Dimethyl Ether)
• Methanol
• Ethanol
• Natural Gas/CNG/LPG
• Hydrogen
• Electricity

The key is to select powertrains that are
exciting to the consumer and are simultaneously
cost-effective and ultra-efficient.

• Drivetrains
• CVT
• Electric Hybrids
• Hydraulic Hybrids

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Hydraulic Hybrid Configurations
Mild HydraulicHybrid (Parallel)
FULLHydraulicHybrid(Series)
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Historic EPA Full Series Hydraulic Hybrid Test
Chassis

• Full Series Hydraulic Hybrid
• 80 mpg combined city/highway mpg
• 8 seconds 0-60 acceleration time
• No need for expensive lightweight materials (test
  weight 3800 lb)

EPAs full series hydraulic hybrid test chassis.

• Led the way for subsequent demonstration vehicles

Led to CRADA partnerships with Ford, Eaton,
Parker, International Truck and Engine Corp.
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Sport Utility Vehicle Full Series Hydraulic
Hybrid

• Full integrated hydraulic hybrid, diesel engine,
  clean packaging, cost effective, targets 85 mpg
  improvement from a conventional gasoline vehicle
• 1-3 year payback for consumer

Showcasing the full use of hydraulics in a Ford
Expedition.
Exhibited at the 2004 SAE World Congress
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Comparison of SUV Technologies Consumer
Payback
Progress Report on Clean and Efficient Automotive
Technologies Under Development at EPA - January
2004 www.epa.gov/otaq/technology
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Urban Delivery Vehicle - Full Series Hydraulic
Hybrid

• First-ever full integrated hydraulic hybrid
  delivery vehicle, targets 70 mpg improvement in
  city driving
• 2-year payback has attracted attention from
  fleets
• Partnership involving EPA, Eaton, UPS,
  International Truck and Engine Corporation, and
  U.S. Army

Showcasing full hydraulic hybrid systems in an
Urban Delivery Vehicle.
Public announcement coming soon!