Sternloff

1
General Outdoor Maintenanace

• Sternloff Warren
• Chapter 6
• Pages 175-208

2

• Outdoor Maintenance, including solid waste and
  sewage disposal, outdoor lighting, fencing,
  signs, recreation surfaces, and road and parking
  lot maintenance are common tasks for both
  recreation and park departments and
  tourism/resort facilities.

3
Solid Waste Collection

• Trash Garbage
• Paper
• Cardboard
• Plastic
• Glass
• Metal items
• Solutions
• Reduction, reuse, recycling
• Combustion, composting, landfill

4
Litter Control

• Education
• Target is frequently childrenwhy?
• Some campaigns are highly successful
• Effective Cleaning an element of Attraction
• Theme parks
• Setting an Example
• Staff
• Celebrities (NY Kennedy)

5
Litter Control, continued

• Trash Receptacles
• Placement must be convenient
• Aesthetic considerations
• Durability
• Ease of handling
• Ease of cleaning
• Typemesh basket, metal, plastic bags, lids
• Anti-Litter legislation
• Anti-Litter campaigns

6
Waste Collection

• Frequency of collection
• Type of collection vehicle
• Factors
• Amount to be collected
• Loading height
• Blowing trash (loading, unloading, and in
  transport)
• Durability
• Ease of unloading

7
Waste Disposal

• Sanitary landfill
• Area, ramp and trench methods
• Incineration (Union Electric)
• Recycling where feasible, including composting
• Bulk collection units

8
Sewage Disposal

• Self contained systems for non-urban areas
• Pit and chemical toilets
• Composting toilets (digesters)
• Septic tanks
• Lagoons (stabilization pondsodor free)
• Aerobic digestion
• Every park recreation area not linked to a
  sewage disposal system will soon have a certified
  specialist in sewage disposalmany already do

9
Selecting/Designing disposal systems

• Legal considerationspublic health regulations
• Quantity
• Construction/installation costs
• Operating costs
• Maintenance requirementsfrequency costs
• Availabiltiy of land area
• Porosity and absorption qualities of soil
• Water table level
• Surface sub-surface water flows

10
Water Systems

• Adequate water supplies an increasing problem,
  especially in remote resort developments
• Potable water only one consideration
• Irrigation of turf areas
• Swimming pools
• Development of treated and untreated water
  systems (use of gray water)
• Water reduction measures

11
Lighting Systems

• Lighting needs increasing (both quantity and
  quality)
• Growth of new facilities not keeping pace with
  demand, so longer night-time use
• Energy costs increasing dramatically
• Lighting systems growing more efficient
• Lighting engineers used to design systems and
  installation

12
Maintenance of Lighting Systems

• More to it than just changing bulbs
• Replacement and cleaning schedules

13
Fencing

• Functionsto control flow, access, facilitate
  collection of fees, etc.
• Use of natural vegetation, water (medieval
  moats) and topography, either natural or enhanced
  (ha-has)
• Thorny vegetation will stop pedestrians, but
  safety concern (roses, blackberry vines,
  pyracantha)

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Factors influencing Selection

• Function
• Installation costs
• Durability
• Maintenance costs
• Safety
• Aesthetics

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Types of Fencing

• Split rail fencing
• Chain link
• Galvanized
• Aluminum
• Vinyl coated
• With wood slats or woven plastic strips
• Woven wire
• Post and board
• Solid board fencing
• Brick, stone, ornamental iron

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Signs

• Factors
• Transmission of important information
• Clear and easy to read
• Aesthetics
• Materials
• Woodcedar, redwood, cypress
• Metalanodized aluminum, bronze
• Plastic
• Methods
• Routing, sandblasting, painted/silkscreened

17
Sign Maintenance

• Design for maintenance
• Vandalism
• Wood preservation treatment
• Repainting or repairing on regular basis

18
Outdoor Recreation Surfaces

• Qualities desired
• Multiple use capability
• Dustless stainless
• Durable and resilient
• Low/reasonable initial cost
• Easy to maintain
• Low maintenance cost
• Pleasing appearance
• Nonabrasive, non-slippery
• Year around use

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Types of Surfaces

• Earth (including soil cement)
• Turf
• Aggregatesgravel, sand
• Concrete and bituminous surfaces
• Synthetic surfaces

20
Roads and Parking Lots

• Texas roads have problem with buckling because of
  interaction of stabilizers with sulfites in the
  soilpresence of feldspar an indication of
  potential problems.
• Continuing maintenance needed for bituminous
  (asphalt) and gravel surfacesespecially if bus,
  truck, or heavy RV traffic.

21
Trails and Greenways

• Conflicts between user groups may call for
  separate systemshikers, bicyclists, in-line
  skaters, wheel chairs, equestrian, off-road
  vehicles, motorized bikes, etc.
• Type of surface and design depends upon
  prospective use.
• Consider grade, layout, signage, maintenance,
  litter control, et.

22
Soil Compaction and Erosion

• Control erosion with vegetation, mulching,
  diversion ditchesanything which will slow down
  the run-off
• Compaction can be reduced by trail/path
  development, aeration, rotation of trails,
  camping areas, etc.