The Holocaust: The Failure of Tolerance

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The Holocaust The Failure of Tolerance
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Martin Niemöller

• Als die Nazis die Kommunisten holten,habe ich
  geschwiegen,ich war ja kein Kommunist.
• Als sie die Sozialdemokraten einsperrten,habe
  ich geschwiegen,ich war ja kein Sozialdemokrat.
• Als sie die Gewerkschafter holten,habe ich
  geschwiegen,ich war ja kein Gewerkschafter.
• Als sie die Juden holten,habe ich
  geschwiegen,ich war ja kein Jude.
• Als sie mich holten,gab es keinen mehr,der
  protestieren konnte.

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Martin Niemöller

• First they came for the communists, and I did
  not speak outbecause I was not a
  communistThen they came for the socialists, and
  I did not speak outbecause I was not a
  socialistThen they came for the trade
  unionists, and I did not speak outbecause I was
  not a trade unionistThen they came for the
  Jews, and I did not speak outbecause I was not
  a JewThen they came for meand there was no
  one left to speak out

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Where it ended up European Concentration Camps
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Timeline

• Rise of the Nazi Party (1918-1933). During the
  fourteen years following the end of World War I,
  the Nazi party grew from a small political group
  to the most powerful party in Germany.
• Nazification (1933-1939). Once Hitler became
  Chancellor and later Reichsführer, the Nazi party
  quickly changed Germany's political, social, and
  economic structure.
• The Ghettos (1939-1941). Confining Jews to
  ghettos was another critical step in Hitler's
  Final Solution.
• The Camps (1941-1942). The concentration camps
  were Hitler's final step in the annihilation of
  the Jews.
• Resistance (1942-1944). People resisted by any
  means possible, from stealing a slice of bread to
  sabotaging Nazi installations.
• Rescue and Liberation (1944-1945). Some survived
  through the heroics of neighbors others were
  liberated by the Allies.
• Aftermath (1945-2000). After the war, Nazi
  perpetrators faced punishment for their war
  crimes and survivors began rebuilding their
  lives.

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Three Phases

• 1933-1935 Anti-Semitism
• 1935-1941 Radicalisation
• 1939-1941 Einsatzgruppen
• 1941-1945 Extermination

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Anti-Semitism Pre-1933

• German anti-Semitism pre-1933
• Middle Ages- 18C Religious anti-Semitism
• From late 19C Racial anti-Semitism
• But also more generally European anti-Semitism
  (Dreyfus in France)
• Why Germany? Assimilated Jews?

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Anti-Semitism 1933-1935

• Hitlers Mein Kampf
• Stereotypes criminals, sexual predators,
  inferior, bacteria, unpatriotic
• Someone to blame
• The Volksgemeinschaft

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Propaganda and Discrimination
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Anti-Semitic Measures, 1933-35

• Boycott in early 1933
• Jews banned from Civil Service

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Einsatzgruppen

• The Euthanasia programme (1939-41)
• September 1 1939 invasion of Poland
• Behind German advancing troops follow the
  so-called Einsatzgruppen
• Many German soldiers shocked, but also connivance
  of the Wehrmacht in mass murders
• 500 000 Jews, Gypsies and Politicals

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Extermination

• 1939-1942 Ghettos
• January 20 1942 Wannsee conference
• Endloesung
• Belzec, Sobidor, Treblinka 1.75 Million
• Auschwitz 1 Million
• Around 6 million in total
• Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, political prisoners

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Auschwitz
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Racism Today

• - Dem Statement
• "Ausländer in Deutschland sollten sich nicht
  hindrängen, wo sie nicht gemocht werden"
• stimmten in Ostdeutschland 19,9 der weiblichen
  und 24,6 der männlichen Befragten, in
  Westdeutschland 10,7 der weiblichen und 19,3
  der männlichen Befragten zu.

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Industrialised Killing

• Can we compare Auschwitz to other genocides?

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Radicalisation, 1935-1939

• Nuernberg Laws
• Prohibitions
• Reichskristallnacht 9 November 1938

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How Racist Are You?

• http//www.channel4.com/life/microsites/R/racism/q
  uiz/index.html