Parallel Radiations in the Primary Clades of Birds

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Parallel Radiations in the Primary Clades of Birds

• Peter Houde
• Matthew Fain
• New Mexico State University

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Divisions of Class Aves superorder
Palaeognathae superorder Neognathae
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Divisions of Class Aves superorder
Palaeognathae
tinamous and ratites
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Divisions of Class Aves superorder Neognathae
cohort Galloanserae fowl and waterfowl
cohort Neoaves all others
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Divisions within Neoaves
UNKNOWN
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A funny thing happened on the way to the Order
Gruiformes
Gruidae - cranes Rallidae - rails
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other Gruiformes
Aramidae - Limpkin Heliornithidae
-finfoots Psophiidae -trumpeters Cariamidae -
seriemas Otididae - bustards Turnicidae
-buttonquails Mesitornithidae Eurypygidae -
sunbittern Rhynochetidae -kagu
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ß-fibrinogen intron 7CATTT
TCTCCCTGCAAGATACCAACCAAATATCCACATCATTTCCTTGGTGTAGC
CAAAGGCAGAATTGGCATAGCCAAGGGCAAATGAAACTATATGCTAGCA
TTTTCTCCCTGCAAGTTACCAGAGAAATATCCACATCATTTCCTTGGTGT
AGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCATAGCCAAGGGCAAGGAAAACAATATGCTAG
CATTTTCTCCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATATCCACATCATTTCCTTGG
TGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCATAGCCAAGGGCAAATAAAACAATATGC
AAGTGTTTTCTCCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGTCATGTCCT
TGGNGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCATAGCCAAGGGCAGGTAAAACTGTA
TGTTAGTGTTTTCTCCCTGCAAGTTACCGGCCAATTGTCCAGGTTGTTT
CCTTGGCACAGCCAAGGGCAGAATTGTCACAGTTAAGGGCAGGTAGAACT
ATGTGTTAGTGTTTTCTCCCTKCAAGTTACCAGCCAATTGTCTGTGTTG
TTTCCTTGGCACAGCCAAGAGCACAATTGGCATTGTCAAGGGCAGGTAAA
ACTGTATGTTAGTGTTTTCTCCCTGCAAGTTAC-AGCCAAATGTCTATG
CCATTTCCTTGGCATAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTCGCATAGCCAAGGGCAGGT
AAAACTATATGTTAG
Struthio_camelus -CGTTTTCT---CCTTGCAATTTA
CCAGCCAAATGTTCATGCTGTTCCATT----------------------G
ACAT-AGCC-AA--GGGCAGAGTTTTCCCAGGTGAAACTAT--GT-----
-- Aythya_collaris -AGTTT-CT---CACTGCAAG
TTACTAGCCAAGTGTTCACGCTGTCCCACT-GGTGTAGCCAATGGCAGAA
CTGACAT-AGCT-AAA-GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATTA
T---- Anhima_cornuta
-TGTTTTCT---CACTGCAAGTTACTAGCCAAGTGTTCACACTGTCCCAT
T-GGTGTAGCCAAGGGCAGAACTGGCAT-AGTC-AAAAGGAC--------
---AGGTAAAACTGT--ATATTAC-- Chauna_torquatus
-TGTTTTCT---CACTGCAAGTTACTAGCCAAGTGTTCATGCTGTCC
CATT-GGTGTAGCTAAGGGCAGAACTGGCAT-AGTC-AAAAGGAC-----
------AGGTAAAACTGT--ATATTAC-- Crax_blumenbachii
-TGTTTACT---CACTGTAAGTTATTAGCCAGATGTTCCTGCTG
TCCTTTT-GGTGCAGCCTAGGGCAAAACTGGCAT-AGCC-GAA-GAAC--
---------AAGTAAACCTAT--ATTAT---- Gallus_gallus
-TGTTTTCT---TACTGTAAGTTACTAGCCAAGCCCCAATT
CATCCTGTTCTGGTGCAGCTTAGGGCATAATGGGCAT-AGCC-AAA-G--
------------AGTTAAAACTAT--ACT------ Megapodius_re
inwardt -TGTTTTCT---CTCTGCAAGTTACTAGCCAAGTGTTC
ATGCTGTCCCATT-GGTGCAGCCTAGGGCAGAACTGGCAT-AGCC-AAA-
GAGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATCGTAT-- Opisthocom
us_hoazin -TGTTTTCC---TCTTGCAAGTTACTAGCCAAATG
TCCACGTTATTTCCTT-GGTGTAG-CAAAGGCAGAACTGGCAT-AGCC-A
G--GGGC-----------AGATAAAACCAC--ATGTCAG-- Podargu
s_strigoides --------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------- Capr
imulgus_vociferus -CATTTTTT-TTCCTTGCAAGTTACCAGC
CAAATGTCCATGTCATTTCCTT-GGTGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCAT-
AACC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT----GTTAG-- A
egotheles_cristatus -CATTTTCT---CCGTGTAAGTTACC
AGCCAAATGTCCACGTTGTTTCCTT-GGCATAGTCAAAGGCA--------
-T-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AAGTAAATCTAT--ATGTTAG--
Columba_livia -CATTTTCT---CCCTGCAAGTT
ACCAGCCAAATATCCTTCTCATTTCCTT-GGTGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATT
GGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AAATAAAACTAT--ATGCTA
--- Zenaida_macroura -CATTTTCT---CCCTGCAA
GATACCAACCAAATATCCACATCATTTCCTT-GGTGTAGCCAAAGGCAGA
ATTGGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AAATGAAACTAT--ATG
CTAG-- Columbina_passerina
-CATTTTCT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGAGAAATATCCACATCATTTCCT
T-GGTGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC--------
---AAGGAAAACAAT--ATGCTAG-- Ducula_bicolor
-CATTTTCT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATATCCACATCATTT
CCTT-GGTGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----
------AAATAAAACAAT--ATGCAAG-- Phoenicopterus_rube
r -TGTTTTCT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGTCA
TGTCCTT-GGNGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC--
---------AGGTAAAACTGT--ATGTTAG-- Rhynochetos_juba
ta -TGTTTTCT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCGGCCAATTGTCCAGG
TTGTTTCCTT-GGCACAGCCAAGGGCAGAATTGTCAC-AGTT-AA--GGG
C-----------AGGTAGAACTAT--GTGTTAG-- Eurypyga_heli
as -TGTTTTCT---CCCTKCAAGTTACCAGCCAATTGTCT
GTGTTGTTTCCTT-GGCACAGCCAAGAGCACAATTGGCAT-TGTC-AA--
GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTGT--ATGTTAG-- Phaethon_a
ethereus -TGTTTTCT---CCCTGCAAGTTAC-AGCCAAATG
TCTATGCCATTTCCTT-GGCATAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTCGCAT-AGCC-A
A--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATGTTAG-- Aerodra
mus_salanganus -TGTTTTGT---CCCTGCAGTTTACCAGCCAA
ATGTCTGTGTCATTTCCTT-GGCATAGACAAAGGCAGAATTGACAT-AAC
C-AAG-GGGT-----------AGGTAAATCTAT--AGGATAG-- Amaz
ilia_tobaci -TGTTTTCT---CCCTGGAAGTTGCAAGC
TAAATGTCTGTGTCATTTCCTT-GGCATAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGACAA-
AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTCT--CTGTTAC-- M
esitornis_unicolor -TGTTTTCT---CCGTGCAAGTTACA
AGCCAAATGTCCATGTGGTTTCCTT-GGGGTAGCAAAAGGCAGAATTGAC
AT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AAGTAAAACTGT--AT-------
Podilymbus_podiceps -TGTTTTG----CCTGGCAAGTT
ACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGTTGTTTCCTT-GGCATAGTCAAAAGCAGAATT
GGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATCTTA
G-- Aechmophorus_clarkii -TGTTTTG----TCTGGCAA
GTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGTTGTTTCCTT-GGCATAGCCAAAAGCAGA
ATTGGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATG
TTAG-- Syrrhaptes_paradoxus
-TGCTTTCT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATKKTGTTTCCT
T-GGTGTAGCCAAAGGCAGAATTGGCAT-AGCY-GA--GGGC--------
---AGACAAAACTAT--ATGTTAA-- Afrotis_atra
-CATTTTAT---CCGTGCAAGTGACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTC
CTCT----------------------GATGT-AGCC-AT--GGGC-----
------AGGTAAAACTGT--GTATTAG-- Ardeotis_kori
-CATTTTAT---CCATGCAATTGACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAG
TTCCTCT----------------------GATGT-AGCC-AT--GGGC--
---------AGGTAAAACTAT--GTATTAG-- Otus_flammeolus
-TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCCTG
CAGTTCTCTT----------------------GTCAT-AGCC-AA--GAG
C-----------AGGTAAAACGAT--AGTTATG-T Surnia_ulula
-TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTAC-AGCCAAATGTCC
CTGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GTCAT-AGCC-AA--
GAGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--AATTATG-T Tyto_alba
-TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAAAG
TCCCTACAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCAT-AGCC-A
A--GAAA-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--A-ATTAG-- Phodilu
s_badius -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGATACCAGCCAG
AAGTCCCTACAGTTCTCTT----------------------G-CAT-AGC
C-AA--GAAA-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--A-ATTAG-- Cert
hia_americana -TGTTATGT---CCCTGCAAGTTGCCAGC
TAAATGTCTATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCAT-
AGCC-GA--GGAC-----------AAATAGAACTAT--ATATTAG-- S
eiurus_aurocapillus -TGTTATGT---CCCTGCAAGTTACC
AGCTAAATGTCTATGGAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGC
AT-AGCCCAA--GGCC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATGTTAG--
Catharus_guttatus -TGTTATAT---ACCTGCAAGTT
ACCAGATAAATGTCTACACAGTTCTCTT----------------------
GGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGAC-----------AGGTAAAACTAG--GTATTA
G-- Cyanocitta_cristata -TGTTATAT---CCCTGCAA
ATTGCCAGCTAGATGTCTATGCAGTTCTCTT-------------------
---GGCAC-AGCC-AA--GGAG-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--GAA
TTAG-- Contopus_virens
-TGNTTTAT---CCCTGTAAGCTACCAGCCAAATGTCCACGCAATTCTCT
T----------------------GGTGT-AGCC-AA--GGAC--------
---AGGTAAAACTAT--GTATTAG-- Pteroglossus_azara
---------------TGTGAGTTATCAGCTGAACATTCATGCAGGTC
TCCT----------------------GGCAG-TTCC-AA--GGGC-----
------AGGTAAAA--A---ATATGAG-- Capito_niger
---------------TGTGAGTTACCAGCTGAACATCTATGCAG
GTCTCCT----------------------GGCAG-TTCC-AA--GGGC--
---------AGGTAAAA--A---ATATAAG-- Indicator_varieg
atus -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGTGAGTTGCCAGCCAAACATCCATG
CAGTTCTCAT----------------------GGCAG-TTTC-AA--GGG
C-----------AGGTAAAACTCT--ATGTGAG-- Jynx_torquill
a -TGCTTTAT---CTCTGTGAGTTGCCAGCCATACATCC
ATGCAGTTCTCCT----------------------GACAA-TTCC-AA--
GTGC-----------AGGTAAAAGTGC--GTATGAG-- Colaptes_a
uratus -TGCTCTTT---CTCTGTGAGTTGCCAGCTAAACA
TCCATGCAGTTCT-------------------------GGCAA-TTCC-A
A--GTGC-----------AGGTAAAACTGC--ATATGAG-- Picoide
s_sp -TGCTTTAT---CTCTGTGAGTTGCCAGCCAA
ACATCCATGCAGTTCT-------------------------GGCAA-TTC
C-AA--GTGC-----------AGGTAAAACTGC--ATATGAG-- Galb
ula_ruficauda -TGGTTTTC---CCCTGCAAGTTACTAGC
CAAATGACTACGAAGTTCTGCT----------------------GGCAT-
TTCT-AG--GGGC-----------AGGTACAACTAT--ATATTAG-- C
oracias_caudatus -YGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACC
AGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCT-------------------------GGC
AT-TTCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAC--RTATTAG--
Ceryle_halcyon -CAGTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTT
CTCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCATGTCTCTT----------------------
GGTGC-TTTC-AA--GGAC-----------AGGTAATACTAC--TTATTA
G-- Momotus_momota -CGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAA
GTTATCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTTCT-------------------
---GGCAC-TTCC-AA--GGGA-----------AGGTAGAACTAT--ATA
TTAG-- Tockus_flavirostris
-TCTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGACGAATGTCTAGGCAGT-----
-------------------------YAT-AGCC-AA--GGGC--------
---AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG-- Trogon_viridis
-TGTCTTAA---CC-TGCAAGCTACCAACCGAATGCCTGCG------
----------------------------------CC-AA--GGGC-----
------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTGG-- Falco_sparverius
-TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGTCAAATGTCCAGGCAG
TTCTCTT----------------------AGTGT-AGCC-AA--GGGT--
---------GGGCGAAACTAT--ATATCAG-- Colius_striatus
-TGTTTTRT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCTTG
CTATTCTCTC----------------------GGTGT-AGCT-AA--GAG
C-----------AGGTAAAATTAC--ATATTGG-- Amazona_autum
nalis -TGCTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTGCCAGCCAAATGTCC
ATGCATTTCTTTT----------------------GCCRT-AGCC-AA--
GTGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATAAAAT-- Psittacus_
erithacus -TGCTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATT
TCCATGCAGTTCTTTT----------------------GGCAC-AGCC-A
A--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATAAAAT-- Calypto
rhynchus_funereus -TGCTTTAT---CTCTACAAGTTACCAGCCAA
ATGTCCATGCAGTTCTTTT----------------------GACAT-AGC
C-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATAATAT-- Cari
ama_cristata -CGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTATGAGC
CAAACGTCCGTGCAGTTCTCCT----------------------GATGT-
AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--AGATCAG-- S
agittarius_serpentarius -CGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACC
AGCCAGATGTCCACGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGC
GT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAGCTAT--AGGTTAG--
Cathartes_aura -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTT
ACCAGCCACATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------
GGCGT-AGAC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTA
G-- Pandion_haliaetus -CGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAA
GTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT-------------------
---GGCAT-AGCC-AA--GGGA-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATA
TTAG-- Buteo_jaimaicensis
-GGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTTT
T----------------------GGTGT-AGCC-AA--GGGC--------
---AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG-- Pedionomus_torquatus
-TGGTTTAT---CCATACAA--TACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTT
CCTT----------------------GGCTT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----
------AGGTAAACCTAT--ATATTCAC- Attagis_gayi
-TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAG
TTCTCTT----------------------GGCTT-GAAT-AA--GGGC--
---------ACGTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG-- Thinocorus_orbig
nyianus -GGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATG
CAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCTT-AACC-AA--GGG
C-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTGT-- Rostratula_be
hghalensis ---------------TGCAAATTACCAGCCAAATGTCC
ATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCTT-AGCC-AA--
GGTC-----------TGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG-- Actophilor
nis_africana -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATG
TCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCTTTAGCC-A
G--GGGC-----------AGCTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG-- Jacana_
spinosa -------AT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAA
ATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCTT-AGC
C-AA--GTGC-----------AGCTAARACTAT--ATATTAG-- Limo
sa_fedoa -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGC
CAAATGKCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGCTT-
AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTGT--ATATTAG-- T
ringa_melanoleuca ------TATT--CCCTGMAAGTTACC
AGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GGT
TT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAATTAY--ATATTAG--
Phalaropus_tricolor ------TATT--CCCTGCAAGTT
ACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------
GGCTT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTA
G-- Burhinus_bistriatus -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAA
ATTTCCAACCAAATGCCCATCCAGTTCTCTT-------------------
---GGCTT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATA
TTAG-- Turnix_varia
-TATTTTAT---CCCAGCAAGTT--------------TATGACATCCTTT
T----------------------GGCTT-AGCC-AA--GGAC--------
---AGGTAAAACTAT------TAG-- Rynchops_niger
-TGTTTTAA---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTC
TCTT----------------------GCCTT-AGGC-AA--GGGC-----
------AGGTAAAACTAT--TTATTAG-- Sterna_forsteri
-TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAG
TTCTCTT----------------------GCCTT-AGCC-AA--GGGC--
---------AGGTAAAACTGT--TTATTAS-- Sterna_caspia
-TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATG
CAGTTCTCTT----------------------GCCTT-AGCC-AA--GGG
C-----------AGGTAAAACTGT--TTATTGG-- Stercorarius_
pomarinus -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATGTCC
ATGCAGTTCTCCT----------------------GCCTT-AGCC-AA--
GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--TGATTAG-- Cerorhinca
_monocerata -TGTTTGAT---CCCTCCAAGTTACCAGCCAAATG
TCCATGCAATTCTCTT----------------------GCCTT-AGCC-A
A--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--TTATTAG-- Cepphus
_columba -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACCAGCCAA
ATGTCCATGCAGTTCTCTT----------------------GCCTT-AGC
C-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--TTATTAG-- Pluv
ianus_aegyptius -TGTTTTAT---CTCTGCAAGTTACCAGC
CAAATGTCCACGCAGCTCTTTT----------------------GGCTT-
GGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--GTATTAG-- R
ecurvirostra_americana -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTTACC
AGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTTTT----------------------GGC
TT-AGCC-AA--GGGC-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTAG--
Charadrius_vociferus -CGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAAGTT
ACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGCAGTTCTTCT----------------------
GGCTT-AGCC-AA--GG-C-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATATTA
G-- Vanellus_resplendens -TGTTTTAT---CCCTGCAA
GTTACCAGCCAAATGTCCATGTAGTTCTTCT-------------------
---GGCTT-AGCC-AA--GG-C-----------AGGTAAAACTAT--ATA
TTAG--
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Frequency Distribution of Indels
FREQUENCY
INDEL LENGTH
CI
0.143 1
0.167 1

0.200 1
0.250 2

0.333 7 1
0.500
12 8 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.667

1.000 39 13 8 7 5 4 6 4 6 1 1 1 1 3 1 1
1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 ------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------- 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ... 143
... 190 ... 415 1
2 3 4
5
FREQ/CI
INDEL LENGTH
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Parsimony Analysis of ß-fibrinogen
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Galloanserae
Metaves
Neoaves
Coronaves
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Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu
13
Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae -
sunbittern
14
Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae -
sunbittern Mesitornithidae - mesites
15
Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae -
sunbittern Mesitornithidae - mesites Opisthocomida
e - hoatzin
16
Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae -
sunbittern Mesitornithidae - mesites Opisthocomida
e - hoatzin Podicipedidae - grebes
17
Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae -
sunbittern Mesitornithidae - mesites Opisthocomida
e - hoatzin Podicipedidae - grebes Pteroclididae
- sandgrouse
18
Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae -
sunbittern Mesitornithidae - mesites Opisthocomida
e - hoatzin Podicipedidae - grebes Pteroclididae
- sandgrouse Columbidae - doves
19
Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae -
sunbittern Mesitornithidae - mesites Opisthocomida
e - hoatzin Podicipedidae - grebes Pteroclididae
- sandgrouse Columbidae - doves Phaethontidae -
tropicbirds
20
Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae -
sunbittern Mesitornithidae - mesites Opisthocomida
e - hoatzin Podicipedidae - grebes Pteroclididae
- sandgrouse Columbidae - doves Phaethontidae -
tropicbirds Phoenicopteridae - flamingos
21
Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae -
sunbittern Mesitornithidae - mesites Opisthocomida
e - hoatzin Podicipedidae - grebes Pteroclididae
- sandgrouse Columbidae - doves Phaethontidae -
tropicbirds Phoenicopteridae - flamingos
Caprimulgidae - nighthawks
22
Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae -
sunbittern Mesitornithidae - mesites Opisthocomida
e - hoatzin Podicipedidae - grebes Pteroclididae
- sandgrouse Columbidae - doves Phaethontidae -
tropicbirds Phoenicopteridae - flamingos
Caprimulgidae - nighthawks Nyctibiidae - Potoos
23
Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae -
sunbittern Mesitornithidae - mesites Opisthocomida
e - hoatzin Podicipedidae - grebes Pteroclididae
- sandgrouse Columbidae - doves Phaethontidae -
tropicbirds Phoenicopteridae - flamingos Caprimulg
idae - nighthawks Nyctibiidae -
potoos Steatornithidae - oilbird
24
Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae -
sunbittern Mesitornithidae - mesites Opisthocomida
e - hoatzin Podicipedidae - grebes Pteroclididae
- sandgrouse Columbidae - doves Phaethontidae -
tropicbirds Phoenicopteridae - flamingos Caprimulg
idae - nighthawks Nyctibiidae -
potoos Steatornithidae - oilbird Podargidae -
frogmouths
25
Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae -
sunbittern Mesitornithidae - mesites Opisthocomida
e - hoatzin Podicipedidae - grebes Pteroclididae
- sandgrouse Columbidae - doves Phaethontidae -
tropicbirds Phoenicopteridae - flamingos Caprimulg
idae - nighthawks Nyctibiidae -
potoos Steatornithidae - oilbird Podargidae -
frogmouths Aegothelidae - owlet nightjars
26
Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae -
sunbittern Mesitornithidae - mesites Opisthocomida
e - hoatzin Podicipedidae - grebes Pteroclididae
- sandgrouse Columbidae - doves Phaethontidae -
tropicbirds Phoenicopteridae - flamingos Caprimulg
idae - nighthawks Nyctibiidae -
potoos Steatornithidae - oilbird Podargidae -
frogmouths Aegothelidae - owlet
nightjars Hemiprocnidae - crested swifts
27
Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae -
sunbittern Mesitornithidae - mesites Opisthocomida
e - hoatzin Podicipedidae - grebes Pteroclididae
- sandgrouse Columbidae - doves Phaethontidae -
tropicbirds Phoenicopteridae - flamingos Caprimulg
idae - nighthawks Nyctibiidae -
potoos Steatornithidae - oilbird Podargidae -
frogmouths Aegothelidae - owlet
nightjars Hemiprocnidae - crested swifts Apodidae
- swifts
28
Metaves Rhynochetidae - kagu Eurypygidae -
sunbittern Mesitornithidae - mesites Opisthocomida
e - hoatzin Podicipedidae - grebes Pteroclididae
- sandgrouse Columbidae - doves Phaethontidae -
tropicbirds Phoenicopteridae - flamingos Caprimulg
idae - nighthawks Nyctibiidae -
potoos Steatornithidae - oilbird Podargidae -
frogmouths Aegothelidae - owlet
nightjars Hemiprocnidae - crested swifts Apodidae
- swifts Trochilidae - hummingbirds
29
Characteristics of Metaves
Four distinguishing indels (generally
similar to Galloanserae outgroups, i.e.,
primitive) Not much else except for a
long reputation of being taxonomically
problematic Some, but not all possess
foregut specializations drink by
suction, esophageal secretion, crop fermentation,
no crop integumentary peculiarities
nasal operculum, powder-down tracts, reduced
uropygial gland
30
5 Polyphyletic Orders of Birds in Current
ClassificationMetaves Coronaves Gruifor
meskagu, sunbittern, mesites cranes,
limpkin, trumpeters, rails, seriemas,
bustards, buttonquails, finfoots Pelec
aniformestropicbirds pelicans, boobies,
cormorants, darters, frigatebirds
Cuculiformeshoatzin cuckoos,
turacos Ciconiiformesflamingos storks,
herons, ibises, hammerkop Charadriifor
messandgrouse gulls, plovers, sandpipers,
etc.
31
Parallel Radiations
Arboreal specialists Aerial insectivores Nocturnal
predators Ground litter foragers Plunge
divers Foot-propelled divers Stealth
piscivores Ritualized dance Wading filter
feeders Nectivores Terrestrial granivores Lekking
Coloniality
32
Parallel Radiations
Arboreal specialists Aerial insectivores Nocturnal
predators Ground litter foragers Plunge
divers Foot-propelled divers Stealth
piscivores Ritualized dance Wading filter
feeders Nectivores Terrestrial granivores Lekking
Coloniality
33
Parallel Radiations
Arboreal specialists Aerial insectivores Nocturnal
predators Ground litter foragers Plunge
divers Foot-propelled divers Stealth
piscivores Ritualized dance Wading filter
feeders Nectivores Terrestrial granivores Lekking
Coloniality
34
Parallel Radiations
Arboreal specialists Aerial insectivores Nocturnal
predators Ground litter foragers Plunge
divers Foot-propelled divers Stealth
piscivores Ritualized dance Wading filter
feeders Nectivores Terrestrial granivores Lekking
Coloniality
35
Parallel Radiations
Arboreal specialists Aerial insectivores Nocturnal
predators Ground litter foragers Plunge
divers Foot-propelled divers Stealth
piscivores Ritualized dance Wading filter
feeders Nectivores Terrestrial granivores Lekking
Coloniality
36
Parallel Radiations
Arboreal specialists Aerial insectivores Nocturnal
predators Ground litter foragers Plunge
divers Foot-propelled divers Stealth
piscivores Ritualized dance Wading filter
feeders Nectivores Terrestrial granivores Lekking
Coloniality
37
Parallel Radiations
Arboreal specialists Aerial insectivores Nocturnal
predators Ground litter foragers Plunge
divers Foot-propelled divers Stealth
piscivores Ritualized dance Wading filter
feeders Nectivores Terrestrial granivores Lekking
Coloniality
38
Parallel Radiations
Arboreal specialists Aerial insectivores Nocturnal
predators Ground litter foragers Plunge
divers Foot-propelled divers Stealth
piscivores Ritualized dance Wading filter
feeders Nectivores Terrestrial granivores Lekking
Coloniality
39
Parallel Radiations
Arboreal specialists Aerial insectivores Nocturnal
predators Ground litter foragers Plunge
divers Foot-propelled divers Stealth
piscivores Ritualized dance Wading filter
feeders Nectivores Terrestrial granivores Lekking
Coloniality
40
Parallel Radiations
Arboreal specialists Aerial insectivores Nocturnal
predators Ground litter foragers Plunge
divers Foot-propelled divers Stealth
piscivores Ritualized dance Wading filter
feeders Nectivores Terrestrial granivores Lekking
Coloniality
41
Parallel Radiations
Arboreal specialists Aerial insectivores Nocturnal
predators Ground litter foragers Plunge
divers Foot-propelled divers Stealth
piscivores Ritualized dance Wading filter
feeders Nectivores Terrestrial granivores Lekking
Coloniality
42
Parallel Radiations
Arboreal specialists Aerial insectivores Nocturnal
predators Ground litter foragers Plunge
divers Foot-propelled divers Stealth
piscivores Ritualized dance Wading filter
feeders Nectivores Terrestrial granivores Lekking
Coloniality
43
Parallel Radiations
Arboreal specialists Aerial insectivores Nocturnal
predators Ground litter foragers Plunge
divers Foot-propelled divers Stealth
piscivores Ritualized dance Wading filter
feeders Nectivores Terrestrial granivores Lekking
Coloniality
44
Analogous Parallelism in Theria Marsupials and
Placentals
Afrotheria and Laurasiatheria
Biogeographic Implications for Birds?