The Diversification of Lice: Phylogeny

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The Diversification of Lice Phylogeny
Vincent S. Smith Kevin P. Johnson
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Louse phylogeny four years on

• 40 phylogenies!

• Now cover 80 of louse genera

• Mix of molecules morphology

• Beginning to reconcile differences

• Still a long way to go!

• Some of the biggest studies
• unpublished

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Louse phylogeny four years on

• 40 phylogenies!

• Now cover 80 of louse genera

• Mix of molecules morphology

Liposcelis sp.

• Beginning to reconcile differences

Amblycera
Ischnocera
Rhynchophthirina
Anoplura

• Still a long way to go!

• Some of the biggest studies
• unpublished

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Amblycera
Feather lice

• 1,350 spp. in 6 families

• Widespread on birds

85

• Boopiidae on Australasian marsupials

• No new deep-branch phylogenies!

• Mostly alpha-taxonomic work

84

• No extensive molecular trees

Clay, 1970
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Amblycera
Feather lice
Liposcelis bostrychophilus
Trochiloecetes rupununi
Ricinus fringillae
Trochiliphagus abdominalis
Laemobothrion maximum
L
Therodoxus oweni
Boopia tarsata
Paraheterodoxus insignis
B
Latumcephalum lesouefi/macropus
Paraboopia flava
Rediella mirabilis
Actornithophilus uniseriatus
Plegadiphilus threskiornis
Chapinia robusta
Bonomiella columbae
Pseudomenopon pilosum
Ancistrona vagelli
Dennyus hirundinis
A
Myrsidea victrix
Holomenopon brevithoracicum
Eidmanniella pellucida
Machaerilaemus laticorpus/latifrons
Austromenopon crocatum
Neomenopon pteroclurus
B
Hohorstiella lata
M
Osborniella crotophagae
Eomenopon denticulatum
Piagetiella bursaepelecani
Ciconiphilus quadripustulatus
Cuculiphilus fasciatus
Ardeiphilus trochioxus
Odoriphila clayae/phoeniculi
Psittacomenopon poicephalus
C
Colpocephalum zebra
Comatomenopon elbeli/elongatum
Gruimenopon longum
Marshall, 2003
Hoazineus armiferus
Meromenopon meropis
44 genera, 147 char. (Morphology)
Trinoton anserinum
Menacanthus stramineus
Colimenopon urocolius
Parsimony, Strict consensus
Somaphantus lusius
Amyrsidea ventralis
D
Menopon gallinae
Numidicola antennatus

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Ischnocera
Feather lice
Haffneria grandis
Harrisoniella hopkinsi
Paraclisis diomedea
Perineus nigrolimbatus

• 3,104 spp. in an uncertain no. of families

Halipeurus pelagicus
Philoceanus garrodiae
Pseudonirmus gurlti
Naubates fuliginosus

• Widespread on birds, 381 spp on mammals

Pelmatocerandra setosa
Ardeicola smithersi
Anaticola crassicornis
Pectinopygus bassani

• Highly host specific
• (71 on a single host species)

Pectinopygus sulae
Aquanirmus australis
Ibidoecus plataleae
Trabeculus schillingi
Craspedonirmus colymbinus
Quadraceps coenocoryphae
Docophoroides brevis
Saemundssonia desolata
Saemundssonia haematopi
Podargoecus strigoides
Alcedoecus delphax
Craspedorrhynchus platystomus
Strigiphilus vapidus
Sturnidoecus sturni
Philopterus ornatus
Vernoniella guimarãesi
Acidoproctus rostratus
Acidoproctus hilli
Rallicola lugens
Osculotes curtus
Osculotes macropoda
Coloceras damicorne
Campanulotes bidentatus
Goniocotes gallinae
Goniodes pavonis
Goniodes kéleri
Chelopistes guttatus
Austrogoniodes waterstoni
Strongylocotes angulocapitis
Discocorpus c. cephalosus
Columbicola columbae
Splendoroffula ruwenzorornis
Oxylipeurus dentatus
Cuclotogaster madagascariensis
Lipeurus caponis
Degeeriella rufa
Upupicola upupae
Lagopoecus affinis
Syrrhaptoecus falcatus
Neopsittaconirmus borgiolii
Paragoniocotes rotundus
Brüelia semiannulata
Falcolipeurus affulgeus
Archolipeurus nandu
Geomydoecus (G.) heaneyi
Felicola (F.) viverriculae
Trichodectes (T.) melis
Bovicola limbatus
Damalinia (D.) crenelata
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Ischnocera
Feather lice

• Morphological phylogeny defined by

- shape of the head
- body form (wing, head or body louse)

• Major clades incongruent
• with the molecular data!

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Ischnocera
Feather lice
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Rhynchophthirina
Elephant, warthog bush pig lice

• 3 spp. in a single family

• Confined to relatively unrelated hosts
• (elephants, warthog bush pig)

• Spread via shared use of watering holes?

• Still chewing lice (telmophages)

Haematomyzus elephantis
ex Asian / African elephant
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Anoplura
Sucking lice
Rhynchophthirina

• 540 species in 15 families

Hybophthiridae
Haematopinidae
Ratimidae

• Confined to mammals
• (834 host species)

Linognathidae
Neolinognathidae
Microthoracidae

• 50 confined to a single host

Echinophthiridae

• Blood vessel feeders (solenophages)

Hamophthiridae
Pecaroecidae
Pedicinudae
Pthiridae
Pediculidae
Polyplacidae
Enderleinellidae
Smith, Strict Consensus In Prep.
Hoplopleuridae
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Anoplura
Sucking lice
Rhynchophthirina

• Rodent lice monophyletic

Hybophthiridae
Haematopinidae
Ratimidae
Linognathidae
Neolinognathidae
Microthoracidae
Echinophthiridae
Hamophthiridae
Pecaroecidae
Pedicinudae
Pthiridae
Pediculidae
Polyplacidae
Enderleinellidae
Hoplopleuridae
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Anoplura
Sucking lice
Rhynchophthirina

• Focus on Primate lice

Hybophthiridae
Haematopinidae
Ratimidae
Linognathidae
Neolinognathidae
Microthoracidae
Echinophthiridae
Hamophthiridae
Pecaroecidae
Pedicinudae
Pthiridae
Pediculidae
Polyplacidae
Enderleinellidae
Hoplopleuridae
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Pediculus humanus
Human head body louse morphology
Head Lice
Body Lice
Pediculus humanus Linnaeus, 1758
Pediculus capitis De Geer, 1767
Larger lighter
Smaller darker
Antennae longer slender
Antennae shorter thicker
Middle leg tibial length shorter
Middle leg tibial length longer
Weak indentations between abdominal segments
Below neck. Common in the seams of clothing
(especially females), particularly those worn
next to the skin (shirts, vests etc.). Males more
commonly over garments surface.
Restricted to the hair on the scalp, particularly
on the nape and in the area behind the ears. Not
on the eyebrows or eyelashes.
Vectors relapsing fever, trench fever, epidemic
typhus
Does not naturally vector disease
Traditionally considered indistinguishable!
Killed no one
Killed millions
Vectors a category B bioterrorism agent
Does not vector a bioterrorism agent
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Pediculus humanus
Four discriminating characters
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Pediculus humanus
Discriminant function analysis
Reed, Smith et al, 2004
We can morphologically separate head body lice
I want your pill-box specimens!!!
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Pediculus humanus
Discriminant function analysis
Reed, Smith et al, 2004
Are these differences present in the molecular
data?
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Questions?
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