Speech Communication

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Speech Communication

• The SCIENCE and Art of Persuasion
• A Seminar Workshop Conducted by
• Lourdes Ramos Laguardia, Ph.D.
• June 2007

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Four Major Areas

• 1.Interpersonal communication includes the study
  of symbolic behavior in dyadic, two person
  relationships.

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• 2.Group communication concentrates on the small
  group of three to seven persons.

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• Organizational communication examines the effects
  that organizational structure and membership have
  on human communication.
• Recent Issue Cube versus Cave

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• Rhetoric and public address is the study of
  discourse and its role in shaping public
  perceptions and practices.
• All areas emphasize effective oral and written
  communication.

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Communication Theory Framework

• Mechanistic This view considers communication to
  be a perfect transaction of a message from the
  sender to the receiver.

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• Aristotle Classic Model of Communication
• Linear Model

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• Psychological This view considers communication
  as the act of sending a message to a receiver,
  and the feelings and thoughts of the receiver
  upon interpreting the message.

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• Interactive Model of Communication
• Feedback Mechanism

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• Social Constructionist (Symbolic Interactionism)
  This view considers communication to be the
  product of sharing and creating meaning.

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• Herbert Blumer people act toward things based on
  the meaning those things have for them and these
  meanings are derived from social interaction and
  modified through interpretation.

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• Non-Linear Model
• Helical
• continuous, unrepeatable, additive, and
  accumulative
• Multi-dimensional Model
• Intra- inter-group-system

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• Systemic This view considers communication to be
  the new messages created via through-put, or
  what happens as the message is being interpreted
  and re-interpreted as it travels through people.

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Cybernetic Model

• The emphasis is on the functional relations that
  hold between the different parts of a system,
  rather than the parts themselves.
• These relations include the transfer of
  information, and circular relations (feedback)
  that result in emergent phenomena such as
  self-organization and automation

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• The main innovation brought about by cybernetics
  is an understanding of goal-directedness or
  purpose as resulting from a negative feedback
  loop which minimizes the deviation between the
  perceived situation and the desired situation
  (goal).

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Theory of Dissonance

• COGNITIVE DISSONANCE by Leon Festinger, 1957
• The theory of cognitive dissonance states that
  contradicting cognitions serve as a driving force
  that compels the mind to acquire or invent new
  thoughts or beliefs, or to modify existing
  beliefs, so as to reduce the amount of dissonance
  (conflict) between cognitions.

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Major Concepts

• 1.Communication is a science
• It is a process of sharing facts and truth.
• It is primarily a process of persuading.

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Aristotles Principles of Persuasion

• 1.Ethos (Ethical Persuasion)
• The speakers character
• Credibility /Authority
• Confidence

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2.Logical Persuasion

• Your speech must be of truths or facts.
• Your speech must clearly distinguish facts from
  opinions.

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Some Common Fallacies

• Argument to Ignorance
• Something must be true because it has never been
  proven false or something must be false because
  it has never been true.
• Ex. Darwins theory of evolution
• The existence of God

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• Large Numbers
• Citing large numbers to impress
• Sheer numbers cannot substitute for real logic
• Example
• Over 20,000 people will lose their jobs if Chiang
  Kai Shek Hall be renamed because it will cost the
  government 300,000 dollars.

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• Fallacy of Consensus (agreement of the people)
• One argues the truth of a conclusion because most
  people believe it, either at the present time or
  universally.
• Example
• The sanctity of marriage had stood the test of
  centuries and in light of this, it is wrong to
  even propose that divorce be made legal.

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• Communication is a science (cont.)
• Your speech must be relevant
• Audience analysis should be useful.
• Specific occasion
• Age
• Background
• Without the benefit of audience analysis, present
  topics of universal appeal.

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Role of Schools

• Schools play a significant role in the
  development of organized knowledge and critical
  thinking. Human development is due to growth in
  logical thinking.

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• Why do we think differently? Because we wish to
  be exclusive with what we think. This
  specialization involves ways of experiencing,
  interpreting, and expressing our understanding of
  ourselves and the world. Sciences have their own
  discourse fiction has its own.

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• The question which modes of thought are
  privileged, command our respect, the right to
  state the bottom line?
• For long, its the scientific discourse or mode
  of thinking.
• However, faith in science has waned. It alone
  cannot make knowledge-claims.

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• Four frameworks by which we make sense of
  ourselves and the world These are universal
• 1.we share our intentions with others
• 2.we emphasize actions than events
• 3.we capture the network of norms and obligations
  that make up the social world.
• 4.knowledge and understanding

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3. Emotional Persuasion

• Pathos
• Sincerity
• Appropriateness of emotional highs and lows
• Superlatives may sound hypocritical
• Understatements sometimes prove more effective
• Ex. There seems to be some immigration problems
  in the country.

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Communication Barriers

• Selective Listening
• Semantic Noise
• Culture
• Positions
• Personalities
• Biases / Prejudices
• Medium
• Speech Environment

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2. Communication is an art

• If its an art, it must be beautiful
• Its beauty must be evident and then appreciated.
• Its beauty is remembered and emulated or imitated
• It becomes a model

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Elements of Speech Communication

• SPEAKERS Art
• Voice Quality
• Organic defects
• Due to reflections of personality
• Due to reflections of poor speech preparation and
  discipline

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How to achieve good voice quality

• A. Correct breathing

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• Inhale deeply and / or more rapidly
• A reasonable amount of air is needed to give
  strength to the voice

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• Maintain a steady pressure of air as you talk
• Exhaling is more controlled
• The control is not uniform it varies according
  to the emphasis of words or thoughts

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• Maintain an adequate breath reserve

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Exercises

• Say these sentences applying correct breathing
• The man is gone
• The man is in the village.
• The man drove his car to the village.
• The man drove his car to the village to get some
  sugar.
• The man drove his car to the village to get some
  sugar and talk to the store owner for a while.

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• Speak with an open yet relaxed throat
• Say these
• Good day!
• Wait for us.
• Have you tried it?
• Hows going?
• Whats up?
• See you later.

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• B. Use resonators efficiently by enriching and
  reinforcing the voice produced by the vocal cords
• To develop full resonance, open your throat and
  mouth during vocalization
• Exercise Say numbers 1-10 with varied intensity
  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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• 3. Good articulation
• Exercise Say these
• These boys
• Autocratic
• Here and abroad
• Humanitarian
• Psychologist
• Tototo
• Dododo

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Oral Recitation Exercises

• Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered
  weak and weary
• Over many a quaint and curious volume of
  forgotten lore
• While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there
  came a tapping
• As of someone gently rapping-rapping at my
  chamber door.
• Tis some visitor,I muttered tapping at my
  chamber door-
• Only this and nothing more

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• The Lord is my Shepherd I shall not want
• He maketh me to lie down in green pastures
• He leadeth me beside the still waters
• He restoreth my soul. He leadeth me in the paths
  of righteousness for His names sake.

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The Speech Sounds

• Vowel Sounds
• Sleep-sleepy-slip feel-fill
• Ail-sail-sell lid-laid-led
• Bait-bet-bat pain-pen-pan
• Lack-lock-luck stack-stock
• Caught-coat-cot flaw-flow
• Ball-bowl-bull wrought-wrote
• Wafer-refer soccer-recur
• Bird-bard perk-park

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• Consonants
• for security reason
• shepherd a meaningful marriage
• dean/dim sharing different views
• worth /worthy waiting in a queue
• mean / meant mishmash of construction
• smooth confused and lost
• chef thunder and lightning
• moustache household chores
• business finance battered wife

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Tongue twisters

• 1) Six sick slick slim sycamore saplings.
• 2) A box of biscuits, a batch of mixed biscuits
• 3) A skunk sat on a stump and thunk the stump
  stunk, the skunkthump the stump thunk the skunk
  stunk.

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The Rhythm of Speech

• Stress
• notice Vatican supervise vegetable
• cartoon unless giraffe original
• volunteer manufacture elementary
• process-process
• conflict-conflict
• desert-desert
• twenty/twentieth
• sixteen-sixteenth

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Blending of words Stressing and Unstressing

• a book their land that store
• Sing it read them have it
• bread and butter slow but sure
• in time for the guest at home
• should listen were told
• Hes tall Theyre nice
• You cant go. I dont know.

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Intonation

• Youre up early.
• The children are not very hungry this morning.
• What would you like for breakfast?
• How many people shall we invite?
• Did you sleep well?
• Can you do it?
• Will you stay with him while I go to the bathroom?

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• Tag Questions
• Its painful, isnt it? (down)
• Its painful, isnt it? (rising)
• It isnt painful, is it? (down)
• It isnt painful, is it? (rising)

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Mood Intonation / Pitch Range

• Repressed Mood-Narrow Range
• Hush! My baby, or soon you will hear
• The Sleepy-eye, Weeng-oosh, hovering near out of
  the timber he will come.
• A little round man as small as your thumb.

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• Vigorous mood wide pitch range
• Remember March, the ides of March remember Did
  not great Julius bleed for justice sake? What
  villain touched his body, that did stab, And not
  for justice? What, shall one of us, that struck
  the foremost man of all this world but for
  supporting robbers, shall we now.

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Basic Principles of Public Speaking

• 1. Speakers are themselves, not playing a role.

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• 2. They speak their own words unless they give
  credit to some quoted materials.

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• 3. Speakers do not write their speeches word for
  word because they are addressing specific
  audiences

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• 3. Speakers use their physical and vocal
  resources with words to send a message.

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• 4. Public speech is not chatting. Messages are
  more carefully planned and the floor is not
  shared as freely.

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Public Speaking Guidelines

• 1. Have good posture
• In general American culture, standing up straight
  is perceived to reflect competence and confidence.

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• 2. Smile before you speak but dont fake a big
  smile.

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• 3. Use good movements and gestures to make your
  speech more clear and understandable.
• Youre not acting on stage you dont need too
  many gestures. However, not to be stiff either.
• The best advice is to be natural

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• 4. Eye contact
• Dont stare at one person in the audience.
• Try to look some of the time to the left, then at
  the center, then to the right.
• Eye contact is for feedback

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• 5. Speak with enthusiasm

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6. Prepare

• With diligence, work on your pronunciation for
  the audiences comprehension of your speech.
• Your grammar and the words you use should be
  acceptable and understandable.
• Do not memorize your speech understand it
  completely.

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• 7. Practice
• Try out your speech to someone who can help you
  evaluate
• Do not over practice

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Conclusion

• 1. We cannot not communicate.

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• 2. All communication is essentially persuasive.

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• 3. Speakers must always have their listeners in
  mind.

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• 4. Effective communication brings a balance among
  all elements speaker, message, medium, receiver,
  thoughts, feelings

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• REFERENCES
• Chia-Jung Tsui.1991. Principles and Techniques of
  English Oral Presentations. Taipei Caves Books
• Dadufalza, Concepcion. 1995. A Handbook-Workbook-R
  eader for Critical Reading and Writing in
  Expository Discourse. University of the
  Philippines Press
• Dale Paulette and James Wolf. Speech
  Communication for International Students. 1988.
  New Jersey Prentice Hall
• Katchen, Johanna E. 1994. Public Speaking in
  English for Chinese Students. Taiwan The Crane
  Publishing Co., Limited
• Miller, K., Communication Theories Perspectives,
  processes, and contexts. 2nd edition. New York
  McGraw-Hill
• Olson, David R. 1996. In David R. Olsons and
  Nancy Torrances Modes of Thought. Cambridge
  University Press
• Sprague Jo, Douglas Stuart and Gary Ruud. 1992.
  The Speakers Handbook. USA Harcourt Brace
  Jovanovich

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• Deutsch, K. On Communication Models in the
  Social Sciences, Public Opinion Quarterly,
  16356-380, 1952.
• Gerbner, G. Toward a General Model of
  Communication, Audio-Visual Communication
  Review, 4171-199, 1956.
• Kaplan, A. The Conduct of Inquiry Methodology
  for Behavioral Science. San Francisco Chandler,
  1964.
• Lackman, R. The Model in Theory Construction,
  Psychological Review, 67113-129, 1960.