Pope and King in Medieval Europe

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Pope and King in Medieval Europe
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Medieval Europe
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Review

• Medieval culture was a blend of German, Roman,
  and Christian Elements
• Charlemagne established a large empire in western
  Europe, but his power was limited because of the
  relative poverty of the medieval west
• The great invasions devastated western Europe and
  helped contribute to the fall of Charlemagnes
  dynasty

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Questions

• How did Feudalism enable monarchs to raise armies
  in a cash-poor society?
• What were the main features of the rural economy
  in medieval Europe?
• Why did a dispute break out between popes and
  kings over who had the right to appoint bishops?
• How was this dispute resolved?

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Feudalism

• Land in Exchange for military service
• The lord gave land away
• Fief
• The vassal received land, offered to fight for
  lord
• Oath of fealty
• Homage

Swearing an oath of fealty and receiving a fief
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Manorialism

• Manor was center of medieval economy
• Manorial lord offered land to person in exchange
  for labor
• Person gave up freedom in exchange for land,
  became a serf.
• Serf unfree person bound to a plot of land
• Manorial land divided up into three basic types
• Demesne land serfs worked land, lord took crops
• Individual strips Each serf family received a
  strip of land to work they lived off the crops
  grown there.
• Common land grazing land for whole village

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A Typical Manor
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Sacral Kingship

• Kings believed they were appointed by God
• Kings believed they had right to oversee church
  affairs
• Kings believed they had right to appoint bishops

Emperor Otto III
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The Imperial Papacy

• Matt 1618-19 Christ put keys to kingdom of
  heaven into Peters hands
• The popes believed that they were Peters
  successors thus they had the power that Peter
  had
• The popes believed that they were more powerful
  than kings
• The popes believed that kings existed to protect
  and serve the church and could be replaced if
  they challenged the pope

Pope Urban II
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Emperor Henry IV (r. 1056-1106) vs. Pope Gregory
VII (r. 1073-1085)

• The Investiture Controversy
• 1076 Pope Gregory deposes and excommunicates
  Emperor Henry
• Winter 1076-77 Canossa
• 1084 Henry uses his army to drive the pope into
  exile
• Concordat of Worms 1122

Emperor Henry IV
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Crusading

• First Crusade 1096-1099
• Muslims recapture Jerusalem 1187
• Demonstrated influence of popes
• Gave lay nobles an outlet for aggression
• Gave lay nobles the opportunity for religious
  fulfillment

The Crusaders Storm Jerusalem
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Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216)

• Most powerful pope
• Used power of papacy to intimidate kings and
  emperors
• Example Deposed King John (1199-1216) of England
  and forced him to become his vassal

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The Rise of National Monarchies

• By 1300 Kings had university-trained advisors
• By 1300 Kings had royal courts and tax-collecting
  systems
• By 1300 Kings were less afraid of excommunication
• King Philip IV of France (r. 1285-1314) vs. Pope
  Boniface VIII (r. 1294-1303)
• Unam Sanctam
• William of Nogaret

King Philip IV