Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY 6th Edition in Modules

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Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in
Modules)

• Module 45
• Social Relations
• James A. McCubbin, PhD
• Clemson University
• Worth Publishers

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Social Relations

• Prejudice
• an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude
  toward a group and its members
• involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings,
  and a predisposition to discriminatory action
  (discrimination is a behavior)
• Stereotype
• a generalized (sometimes accurate, but often
  overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

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modern prejudice

• a study of 390 colleges and universities, 53 of
  African American students felt excluded from
  school activities, compared to 24 of Asian
  Americans, 16 of Mexican Americans, and 6 of
  European Americans.
• Greenwald et. Al (1989) showed that 9/10 people
  who deny having prejudices took longer to
  identify pleasant words when presented with Black
  (vs. White) faces.
• Harber (1998) found that White university women
  gave higher ratings and fewer harsh criticisms to
  authors of papers they believed were African
  American.
• Correll et. Al and Greenwald et. Al shoed that in
  a simulated police situation in which a mans
  wallet was mistaken for a gun, both Black and
  White people more often mistakenly shot at
  targets who were Black

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Gender Bias

• Worldwide, women are more likely to live in
  poverty and 2/3 of children without schooling are
  girls.
• South Korean male births have exceeded female
  births by 14, China now has 120 boy babies for
  every 100 girls, and India has 126 (in spite of
  the fact that sex determination tests are illegal
  in India).
• In China and India together have 76 million fewer
  females than they should have, and globally, 100
  million women are missing.

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Social Relations

• Americans today express much less racial and
  gender prejudice

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Social Relations

• Ingroup
• Us- people with whom one shares a common
  identity
• Ingroup bias
• Tendency to favor our own group
• People will develop an ingroup bias even when
  they have been arbitrarily divided by the toss of
  a coin.
• Outgroup
• Them- those perceived as different or apart
  from ones ingroup

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Social Relations

• Scapegoat Theory
• theory that prejudice provides an outlet for
  anger by providing someone to blame
• Just-World Phenomenon
• tendency of people to believe the world is just
• people get what they deserve and deserve what
  they get
• Categorization
• We form schemas to help us make sense of the
  world and organize information. Information is
  readily assimilated into existing schemas, and
  processing information in opposition to the
  schema takes more effort.

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Social Relations

• Vivid cases (9/11 terrorists) feed stereotypes

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Social Relations

• Aggression
• any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt
  or destroy
• Frustration-Aggression Principle
• principle that frustration the blocking of an
  attempt to achieve some goal creates anger,
  which can generate aggression
• Some suggest that frustration is the cause of all
  aggression, but research does not support this
  idea.
• Aggression does appear to have a genetic
  component (as suggested by twin studies), as well
  as a neural component.
• However, aggression is a complex behavior and no
  one spot in the brain controls aggression.

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Social Relations
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Social Relations

• Men who sexually coerce women

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Social Relations

• Conflict
• perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or
  ideas
• Social Trap
• a situation in which the conflicting parties, by
  each rationally pursuing their self-interest,
  become caught in mutually destructive behavior

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Social Relations

• Social trap
• by pursuing our self-interest and not trusting
  others, we can end up losers

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Social Relations- Attractiveness

• Mere Exposure Effect
• repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases
  liking of them
• Conceptions of attractiveness vary by culture

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Social Relations

• Passionate Love
• an aroused state of intense positive absorption
  in another
• usually present at the beginning of a love
  relationship
• Companionate Love
• deep affectionate attachment we feel for those
  with whom our lives are intertwined

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Social Relations

• Equity
• a condition in which people receive from a
  relationship in proportion to what they give to
  it
• Self-Disclosure
• revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
• Altruism
• unselfish regard for the welfare of others

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Social Relations

• Bystander Effect
• tendency for any given bystander to be less
  likely to give aid if other bystanders are
  present

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Social Relations

• The decision-making process for bystander
  intervention

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Social Relations

• Social Exchange Theory
• the theory that our social behavior is an
  exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize
  benefits and minimize costs
• Superordinate Goals
• shared goals that override differences among
  people and require their cooperation

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Social Relations

• Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in
  Tension-reduction (GRIT)
• a strategy designed to decrease international
  tensions
• one side announces recognition of mutual
  interests and initiates a small conciliatory act
• opens door for reciprocation by other party