World War II

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World War II

• I. Reverberations of World
• War I
• II. From Non-Involvement to
• Pearl Harbor
• III. The Homefront Mobilizes
• IV. The War in Europe
• V. Defeating Japan

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Reverberations of World War I

• Japan
• 1931 Manchuria
• 1937 rape of Nanking
• 1938 controls much of China
• Italy
• 1936 conquers Ethiopia

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• Germany
• 1933 Hitler becomes Chancellor
• 1936 invades the Rhineland
• 1938 annexes Austria
• 1938 Munich and appeasement
• 1938 Nazis attack German Jews
• 1939 invades Czechoslovakia
• 1939 attacks Poland World War II begins

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Japanese Expansion
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American Responses

• 1935-37 Neutrality legislation
• 1939 cash and carry arms to Britain
• 1940 first peacetime draft
• 1.3 billion defense budget
• destroyer deal
• 1941 Lend-lease
• shoot on sight

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1941 Undeclared naval war in the Atlantic
Attack on the U.S.S. Reuben James in the
Atlantic, October 31, 1941
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December 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor Germany
and Italy declare war on the U.S.
Dorrie Miller
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The Homefront Mobilizes Production

• Government controls production
• Industrial output doubled
• Federal budget from 9 billion
• to 98 billion (1945)
• Union membership grows
• Income redistributed
• share of richest 5
• declined from 23 to 17

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The Homefront Mobilizes Propaganda
--Maximum production --Conservation of scarce
materials --Build military morale --Buy war
bonds
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The Homefront African Americans

• March on Washington and FEPC
• NAACP increases ten-fold
• 450,000 members
• CORE forms to fight
• segregation
• Average income rises to ½
• that of whites

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The Homefront Women

• Women workers increase from
• 13 million to 19 million, 1/3 of labor
• force
• Married women mothers

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The Homefront Internment

• 110,000 Japanese-Americans, 60 of whom were
  citizens (Nisei)
• 400 million worth of property lost
• 210,000 Japanese-Americans in Hawaii left free
• 1980s a grave injustice
• 20,000 to each of 62,000 surviving internees

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Military Mobilization
15 million in uniform 1 million African
Americans 25,000 native Americans 350,000
Mexican Americans 18,000 Japanese
Americans 350,000 women
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The War from North Africa to Berlin

• The issue of the second front
• The Italian campaign
• D-day June 6,1944 to V-E Day May 8, 1945

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Paratroopers prepare to parachute into France
just before D-Day
U.S. and Russian troops meet at the Elbe River,
April 26, 1945
Utah Beach
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Defeating Japan

• Island-hopping from Guadacanal to Iwo Jima
• Okinawa 83 days of fighting 12,000 Americans
  dead, 36,000 wounded
• Kamikaze attacks

aircraft carrier U.S.S. Franklin, struck by two
kamikaze, March 1945, 60 miles from the coast of
Japan.
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Defeating Japan Why did the U.S. Use the Atomic
Bomb?
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Some Costs of World War II

• 50 million soldiers and civilians killed
  worldwide
• gt25 million Russian soldiers and civilians
• gt4 million German soldiers
• 405,000 U.S. military

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The Legacy of World War II

• End of Depression and booming economy
• Triumph of Keynesianism
• Increase in corporate power
• Raised expectations/aspirations of minority
  groups
• National self-confidence
• U.S. a global superpower