The Clash of Tribes

1
The Clash of Tribes

• White Indian Relations and American Indian
  Policies

2
Removal

• Early settlers sought to remove natives from land
  they felt was valuable and move them on to less
  valuable land while creating native allies they
  could use to improve their odds in early years.
• Natives sough to retain their land and develop
  useful trade.

3
Early Alliances and Trade

• Wampanoag-Plymouth Relations
• Natives helped support early settlers and traded
  furs for goods
• Wampanoags needed settlers to help against other
  tribes encroaching on their lands
• Alliance ended in 1675-76 when King Philip
  attacked settlers.
• Iroquois-American Relations
• American attempts to gain the support of the
  Iroquois were not immediately endorsed by the
  tribes. The Iroquois tried to remain independent
  of any formal alliance but by the early 1800s
  were forced to make treaties with the U.S.

4
Native Resistance

• Pequot War (1637-38) conflict over fur trade.
  Dutch interests who traded with the Pequots at
  odds with the English. Ended when Capt. John
  Underhill massacred 700 natives at the village at
  Mystic.
• Black Hawk War (1832) Sauk and Fox Natives
  refused to move from their land after signing a
  treaty. When forced, Black Hawk returned and
  sought help from Canada and other tribes. His
  forces were defeated and the warriors removed.
• Seminole Wars (18i17-1818, 1835-42,1855-58). The
  second war is the third longest conflict in U.S.
  history. Conflict first over Seminole support
  for run away slaves and foreign nationals hostile
  to U.S. interests.

5
Peaceful Removal

• Trail of Tears-Forced relocation of Cherokee from
  Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838.
• The Indian removal Act of 1830 called for most
  tribes east of the Mississippi to move west to
  new lands.
• The Largely assimilated Cherokee sued in court to
  keep the lands given them by treaty (Cherokee
  nation v. Georgia-1831). This decision and one
  the following year, Worcester v. Georgia, argued
  that the state could not compel the tribe to
  move. Natives and many non-natives protested the
  Treaty of Echota.
• President Andrew Jackson still felt it necessary
  to move the natives. By 1838 the final group of
  Cherokees was removed as other members of the
  five civilized tribes had been before them.
• Between 4,000-8,000 died in the camps or on the
  march to Oklahoma.

6
Natives in Texas Under Spain and Mexico

• Texas was home to 15 (Anadarko, Apache, Arapaho,
  Caddo, Coahuiltecan, Comanche, Hainai, Jumano,
  Karankawa, Kochai, Kiowa, Tawakoni, Tonkawa,
  Waco, and Wichita) indigenous tribes and became
  the home of another 10 (Alabama-Coushatta,
  Biloxi, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Chickasaw, Delaware,
  Kickapoo, Pakana Muskogee, Potowatomie, and
  Tigua) tribes fleeing or forced to move.
• The Spanish tried to assimilate tribes and had
  some limited success. Most tribes remained
  hostile. The Tigua were immigrants from the
  briefly successful Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico.

7
Natives in Texas Under the Republic and U.S.

• Anglo policy during the Texas Revolution was to
  promise natives their land to insure their
  neutrality against Mexico and when possible to
  enlist natives to help.
• Houston tried to negotiate treaties with the
  natives but the representatives of the Texas
  Congress, fearing raids from the Comanche refused
  to approve the treaties.
• In 1838 war broke out with most tribes in Texas
  with the Biloxi, Cherokee, and Delaware forced
  into Oklahoma and some Kickapoo fleeing to
  Mexico. The following year the Shawnees were
  paid by Texas to move to Oklahoma. A period of
  Peace was ushered in with the Treaty of Fort Bird
  in 1843.
• Another war in 1859 drove out the Anadarko,
  Caddo, Hainai, Kichai, and Tawakoni were forced
  in to Oklahoma with the Karankawa destroyed by
  Juan Cortina.
• By the 1870s the last resistance of the Comanche
  led natives ended with most of the remaining
  tribes sent to Oklahoma.

8
Reservations

• The Indian Appropriations Act of 1851 began the
  formal reservation process with many tribes given
  large portions of land west of the Mississippi
  River
• After the Civil War the demand for Western land
  caused the government to begin sending tribe to
  increasingly reduced reservations.
• The Medicine Lodge Treaty (1867) was actually 3
  treaties signed with five plains tribes. It
  severely reduced the size of their holdings and
  put them in conflict with other tribes competing
  on the same land.
• Treaties gave all authority on the reservations
  to the BIA.
• In 1934 the Howard-Wheeler Act gave back some
  autonomy to tribes on their own lands under BIA
  Chief John Collier.

9
Assimilation and the BIA

• Indian Schools were created by the government to
  help assimilate the native children and separate
  them from their parents. These boarding schools
  were supposed to teach industrial skills so the
  children could find work in factories after
  graduation. One of the largest of these schools
  was in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
• Dawes Severalty Act (1887) planned to further
  assimilate the natives and break up the
  reservations. The plan called for each male to
  receive either 160 of farmland or 320 acres of
  grazing land. Smaller amounts were to be
  distributed to adult women or orphans. In 25
  years any native agreeing to this would receive
  citizenship.
• Burke Act (1906) modified native rights to the
  land and citizenship.

10
Resistance

• AIM started in 1968 in response to police
  brutality against natives in the Minneapolis
  area. It established survival schools to try
  and keep native cultures alive in reaction to the
  Indian schools.
• Occupations
• Alcatraz in 1969 for 19 months and established a
  radio station for publicizing ideas.
• BIA in 1972 after the march called the Trail of
  Broken treaties.
• Wounded Knee in 1973. Demanded changes in BIA
  policies and leadership. Led to a shootout with
  Federal forces. A Judge later dismissed all
  charges against AIM members but the tensions on
  the Pine Ridge Reservation led to a shootout
  between FBI agents and natives. Two FBI were
  killed. Leonard Peltier was convicted of murder
  and is serving time.

11
Bibliography

• http//www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/indian/showdow
  n/page1.html