Chapter 12: Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition

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Chapter 12 Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition
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Characteristics of a monopolistically competitive
market

• Many buyers and sellers
• Differentiated products
• Easy entry and exit

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examples

• running shoes
• fast food franchises
• clothing
• cleaning supplies
• beauty products

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product differentiation

• physical differences
• color, size, taste ...
• location
• convenience, drug stores
• services
• delivery
• image
• high quality vs. value

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Relationship to perfect competition

• Monopolistic competition is similar to perfect
  competition in that
• There are many buyers and sellers
• There are no barriers to entry or exit
• But it is difference because
• Product is NOT identical
• Downward sloping demand curve

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Relationship to monopoly

• Monopolistic competition is similar to monopoly
  in that
• Each firm is the sole producer of a particular
  product (although close substitutes)
• The firm faces a downward sloping demand curve
  for its product
• But it is different from monopoly in that
• No barriers to entry
• Many firms

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Demand curve facing a monopolistically
competitive firm
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The firms demand curve and entry and exit

• Monopolistically competitive demand curve
• More elastic than monopoly
• Less elastic than perfect competition

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The firms demand curve and entry and exit

• As firms enter a monopolistically competitive
  market, the demand facing a typical firm
• Declines
• becomes more elastic.

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Before entry
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Short-run equilibrium in a monopolistically
competitive industry

• choose price output like a monopolist

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Short-run equilibrium in a monopolistically
competitive industry

• Economic profits lead to entry and a reduction in
  the demand facing a typical firm.

ATC
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Long Run

• zero economic profit
• why?
• economic profit leads to entry
• Falling FIRM demand
• economic loss leads to exit
• Rising FIRM demand
• no entry/exit with zero economic profit

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Long-run equilibrium in a monopolistically
competitive industry

• Entry continues until economic profit equals zero
• tangency equilibrium.

ATC
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Short-run equilibrium with economic losses
ATC
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Long-run equilibrium
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Excess capacity

• firms output is not at minimum of ATC
• Cost is not minimized
• output too small
• loss of economic welfare
• This is the tradeoff for product variety

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Monopolistic competition vs. perfect competition
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Monopolistic competition and efficiency

• As the number of firms rises, a monopolistically
  competitive firms demand curve becomes more
  elastic.
• As the number of firms in a market expands, the
  market approaches a perfectly competitive market.
• Thus, economic inefficiency may be smaller when
  there is a large number of firms in a
  monopolistically competitive market.

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Product differentiation and advertising

• Monopolistically competitive firms may receive
  short-run economic profit from successful product
  differentiation and advertising.
• These profits are, however, expected to disappear
  in the long run as other firms copy successful
  innovations.

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Location decisions

• Why do gas stations locate across the street?
• To eliminate customer choice based solely on
  location
• Monopolistically competitive firms often locate
  near each other to appeal to the median
  customer in a geographical region.
• Example auto row (Genesee St.)

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Next time, 11/8

• Dr. Spizman
• Oligopoly (chapter 12)

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Oligopoly

• a small number of firms produce most output
• a standardized or differentiated product
• recognized mutual interdependence, and
• difficult entry.

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Strategic behavior

• Strategic behavior occurs when the best outcome
  for one party depends upon the actions and
  reactions of other parties.

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Kinked demand curve model

• Other firms are assumed to match price decreases,
  but not price increases.
• There is little evidence suggesting that this
  model describes the behavior of oligopoly firms.
• Game theory models are more commonly used.

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Game theory

• Examines the payoffs associated with alternative
  choices of each participant in the game.

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Game theory examples

• Prisoners dilemma
• Duopoly pricing game

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Dominant strategy

• A dominant strategy is one that provides the
  highest payoff for an individual for each and
  every possible action by rivals.
• Confession is the dominant strategy in the
  prisoners dilemma game. A low price is the
  dominant strategy in the duopoly pricing game
• It is more difficult to predict the outcome when
  no dominant strategy exists or when the game is
  repeated with the same players.

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Shared monopoly

• Joint profits are higher when firms behave as a
  shared monopoly
• Such a cartel arrangement is illegal in the U.S.
• Price leadership
• Facilitating practices (e.g., cost-plus pricing,
  recommended retail prices, etc.)

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Cartels

• Cartels are legal in some countries
• A cartel arrangement can maximize industry
  profits
• Each firm can increase its profits by violating
  the agreement
• Cartel agreements have generally been unstable.

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Imperfect information

• Brand name identification serves as a signal of
  product quality. Customers are willing to pay a
  higher price for products produced by firms that
  they recognize.
• Product guarantees also serve as a signal of
  product quality